Ethics and Deception in Psychological Research Essays

Ethics and Deception in Psychological Research Essays Ethics and Deception in Psychological Research Paper Ethics and Deception in Psychological Research Paper When conducting research studies many code of ethics come into play. A researcher has an obligation to follow the code of ethics. Many ethical standards must be followed when dealing with research. When conducting research as well as gathering data there are several ways to do so. Depending on whom you ask some ways are considered ethical and appropriate and some are unethical and inappropriate. Using deception to obtain information is a debatable issue on whether it is ethical or unethical by obtaining data in such a manner. The following paper will define what ethics is along with, discussing the concept of risk/benefit ratio, describing exactly what deception in research is, as well as evaluating the impact deception in research has on psychological research. Deception occurs whenever participants are not completely informed of procedures and goals of the research. According to Wikipedia, ethics is a branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about mortality, how moral values should be determined, how a moral outcome can be achieved in a specific situation, how moral capacity or a moral agency develops and what its nature is, and what moral values people actually abide by (Wikipedia). Ethics deals greatly with morals. What is considered to be morally wrong depends on the individual you are speaking with. Morals describe how individuals should act and the principles that reflect what is good for individuals. Another factor that is used to determine ethical standards is the risk/benefit ratio. The risk/benefit ratio is a subjective evaluation of the risk to a research participant relative to the benefit both individual and the society of the results of the proposed research. (Shaghnessy, Zechmeister, Zechmeister, 2009) The Institutional Review Boards (IRB) reviews all psychological research in order to protect the rights and welfare of the individuals participating in the research studies (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, Zechmeister, 2009). In order for research to be approved benefits must outweigh the risks. The IRB will not approve research where the risks outweigh the benefits. There are several potential risks that one may run across in psychological research and these risks need to be observed to find out whether or not it will harm the participants of the study. Each individual will not be the same, what may be a risk for one participant may not be a risk for the other participants. The types of injuries may vary from those that are physical, social, or mental (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, Zechmeister, 2009). No matter how small a risk may be, researchers should try to minimize the risks and protect each individual. When there happens to be a potential risk, researchers need to use informed consent procedures for all participants involved (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, Zechmeister, 2009). Informed consent is a legal condition whereby a person can be said to have given consent based upon a clear appreciation and understanding of the facts, implications and future consequences of an action. In order to give informed consent, the individual concerned must have adequate reasoning faculties and be in possession of all relevant facts at the time consent is given. Impairments to reasoning and judgment which would make it impossible for someone to give informed consent include such factors as severe mental retardation, severe mental illness, intoxication, severe sleep deprivation, Alzheimers disease, or being in a coma. (http://psychology. wikia. com/wiki/Informed_consent). Researchers are ethically obligated to describe the research procedures clearly, identify any potential risks that might influence individuals willingness to participate, and answer any questions participants have regarding the research (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, Zechmeister, 2009). There are several ways to gather data and information on a research or study. One way is to use deception or misrepresent oneself in research. In a classic study known as the Miligram Obedience Study of 1961, Stanley Miligram recruited 40men using a newspaper ad. In exchange for their participation, each person was paid $4. 50. Milgram developed an intimidating shock generator, with shock levels starting at 30 volts and increasing in 15-volt increments all the way up to 450 volts. The many switches were labeled with terms including slight shock, moderate shock and danger: severe shock. The final two switches were labeled simply with an ominous XXX. Each participant took the role of a teacher who would then deliver a shock to the student every time an incorrect answer was produced. While the participant believed that he was delivering real shocks to the student, the student was actually a confederate in the experiment who was simply pretending to be shocked. As the experiment progressed, the participant would hear the learner plead to be released or even complain about a heart condition. Once the 300-volt level had been reached, the learner banged on the wall and demanded to be released. Beyond this point, the learner became completely silent and refused to answer any more questions. The experimenter then instructed the participant to treat this silence as an incorrect response and deliver a further shock. ( http:// psychology. about. com/od/history of psychology/a/milligram. htm). Miligram wouldnt have come to the conclusions he did if he didnt misrepresent himself to the participants. If Miligram told the 40 men what he was doing the participants probably would not have cooperated with him. Deception and misrepresenting oneself for psychological research is very controversial and has a huge impact on research today. Deception has caused a great deal of harm to subjects all around the world, due to this informed consent has been put into place. The subjects are not aware of the real reasons of the study due to misrepresentation. When its all said and done, ethics is a big issue in conducting studies and research. Researchers are held accountable while conducting these studies and the have an obligation to follow the code of ethics during them. I personally feel that any type of deception should be labeled as unethical and should not be used. Furthermore, there are individuals that feel it is okay to use deception as long as it doesnt cause any harm to the individuals. Ethics is a large part of conducting research and every researcher needs to conduct himself in an ethical manner.

Perception and communication Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Perception and communication - Article Example The main aim is to conduct this study focusing on South African organizations. The research was conducted in an exploratory manner. For the purpose of achieving its aim, the research was conducted by interviewing a sample of professional accountants. The views on the concept of interpersonal communication varied significantly from other professions as accountants take interpersonal communication as a tool to aid their professional goals, rather than creating unofficial relationships and bonds with fellow colleagues. The study also reveals that organizational communication is perceived as an official channel for accountants to collaborate their efforts; however, communication barriers may hinder the success of communication due to lack of relationships and knowledge about colleagues, their lives and views on issues. The perception about interpersonal communication of accountants, as per the research, seems flawed as they perceive it to be an official means of communication rather than a way to establish social groups and social status for their group. The main weakness of the article is its primary focus on qualitative rather than quantitative methodology. The article is primarily designed to observe South African organizations and accountants; hence, the applicability of the results and findings on other regions and groups may be questioned. The article provides a thoughtful start to a research; however, it lacks coherence, direction and sufficient supporting evidence. Considering the strengths of this article, one may conclude that the article is written in simple and easily understandable language. The article follows a logical flow of information starting from the definition of the key terms like perception, interpersonal communication and organizational communication to the conclusion where it achieves its

Conservatism in Jackson's the Lottery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conservatism in Jackson's the Lottery - Essay Example Conservatism stresses that human nature is â€Å"unchanging† or â€Å"fixed† and has â€Å"natural dispositions† (Loptson 93). The Lottery shows the resistance of people to changes, even when their traditions lead to violence and suffering of certain unfortunate, arbitrary individuals. The town performs the lottery with such regularity that it is treated like any other day. For instance, during the lottery, â€Å"the men began to gather, surveying their own children, speaking of planting and rain, tractors and taxes† (Jackson). These actions reflect an ordinary day for them. But The Lottery later on reveals the capacity for evil that conservatism can uphold. Apparently, the lottery involves the ancient tradition of choosing a person to stone each year, because of the belief that it will bring prosperity to the town. Old Man Warner says: â€Å"Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon† (Jackson). What is further troubling about this ritual is that no one d ares to challenge it. Mrs. Adams suggests that â€Å"some places have already quit lotteries,† but Old Man Werner stresses that this would be an outrage since â€Å"there's always been a lottery† (Jackson). The idea of natural dispositions for conservatism dwell on the evils of humanity. In this town, even children participate in the violent act. Women, men, and children alike stone Mrs. Hutchinson without thinking about the morality of their actions. This story emphasizes the natural evil in people, especially when they are firmly bound to authoritative rituals and beliefs. Freedom from traditions is unheard of for conservatism. The only freedom possible is the freedom to pursue one's individual or group or community goals. While some towns have given up the lottery, this particular town insists on preserving the â€Å"institutionalized way of life† (Vincent 58). Conservatism believes in the permanence of the â€Å"existing† social order (Vincent 58). Th e townspeople cherish traditions so dearly that their old black box cannot even be changed, even when it is already severely degraded: â€Å"...but no one liked to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box† (Jackson). These people are imprisoned by their idea that their freedom is linked to the preservation of their ancient beliefs and rituals. Though they welcomed some changes, such as removing the use of wooden chips and the â€Å"tuneless chant† (Jackson), the people generally accept the lottery as a vital part of their everyday lives. They are free to pursue other roles in the community and family life, but never free to change rituals and breach the norms of their lives. Conservatism entails the vision of a good life that is paradoxically materialistic and moralistic. It is materialistic, because of the focus on fundamental needs. Gender roles are pronounced, where men are concerned with â€Å"planting and rain, tractors and taxes,† w hile women spend time for â€Å"gossip† (Jackson). Mrs. Hutchinson almost forgets the lottery, because she is busy doing the dishes. These people are preoccupied with their material needs and concerns. A conservative life is also moralistic, but not in the genuinely moral sense. Instead, what is moralized is done

Competency Statement Essay Example for Free

Competency Statement Essay There are many significant attributes of children’s lives including, physical and intellectual competence. Although children learn at a different pace than one another, once they start to age their physical and intellectual skills increase. No child is considered â€Å"smarter† because he or she might be more advance in one area than another child. Every learning skill that children are grasping on a daily basis has room for improvement. IIaI chose ice skating as creativity for one of the nine learning experiences. Not only is ice skating a fun activity but it also helps with physical development of the child. Ice skating increases lower body strength by working the muscles in the legs. When learning how to ice skate you are actually teaching how to balance yourself. In this day age, children aren’t as physically active as before in previous generations and by doing an ice skating activity it could lead a child to a lifelong sport. IIbAnother one of my nine learning experiences I chose for my resource collection is language and literacy. The goal is to pronounce 3 letter â€Å"at† words such as cat, bat, hat using flash cards, letter pronunciation CD Rom, and bingo board and chips. This activity helps with cognitive development by knowing the sound awareness of the letters and reasoning on what letter you would pronounce first, second, and third. IIcMaking beaded bracelets with colored beads and string is a fine motor skill which teaches hand and eye coordination. I decided to make colorful bracelets with elbow macaroni noodles because not only is it a fine motor skill but it is creative as well. Using noodles instead of beads teaches my students that there are alternatives when you don’t have the original material. My students get creative by painting the noodles different colors and decorating them with glitter and rhinestones. You could also use other noodles to give your bracelets a different shape or size. Ziti, penne, rotelle, and rigatoni are other styles of noodles that could be used to make your own personal pasta jewelry. I give my children options because it helps to express their creative side and how they view their imagination. IIdProper communication is important when it comes to language development. You have to use more than one communication strategy to promote language development. Some of the ways I teach to help language development children from baby to adolescent can learn from. I always talk clearly and not too fast, I think that is the one thing you should always do when trying to develop better language skills. If you talk to your students with scrambled words then they won’t be able to comprehend on what’s being said. I also read books and point to the pictures with my children asking â€Å"what do they see† or â€Å"what is happening† in the book so I can not only see if their paying attention, but to see if how they are pronouncing pictures shown on the page. Music CD’s also helps with language development. I sing songs with my students, getting them to use as many words as possible mastering one word at a time. There is one bilingual child in my classroom and English is his second language. Since English is his second language make sure that I talk to him clearly and use flash cards with pictures. I also spark up conversations with him about his interests and home life so there is a sufficient amount of the English language being used to help the growth of his language development.

Homecoming :: essays research papers

Homecoming â€Å"What kind of mother would leave her four kids in a parked car in a strange town and then just walk away? Maybe a mother who went a little crazy. But the Tilerman Kids—Dicey, James, Sammy, and Maybeth—couldn’t do anything to stop her. All they could do was watch as their mother blended into the Saturday morning mall crowd. It was their last glimpse they had of her. Now Dicey only thirteen would have to find an adult they could trust to take them ALL in so they wouldn’t end up in foster care. Those were Dicey’s hopes. But deep down Dicey was afraid that it was too much to hope for†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Dicey Tillerman: Strong, young, scared, and frustrated, but seems to stay completely sane and hopeful when all hopes are gone and reality is the only thing there is. Abigail Tillerman: Strong, stubborn, and confused. She wonders if she takes her grandchildren in will she be fit enough to handle them. Will they love her back if she loves them? The answer lies within her and she soon finds out its better to have someone than no one at all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"People say she crazy†. Said Dicey   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Crazy like a Fox†. James replied.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Describing their Grandmother) The conflicts in the book are a mixture of INTERNAL and EXTERNAL. Dicey has people she meets that don’t treat them very good but than she fights with herself to not give up and keep going, believing that there is someone out there that will take them in and love them. All of them. The theme the author develops about life is that not everything will work out but to keep looking and trying something eventually will work out. I would recommend this book because I found it to be very inspirational and comforting that there was someone who took them in and proved that there was still good to be had in the world.

Sigmund Freud and Phallic Stage Fixation

Ferris State University 1. According to Freudian theory, is Steve aware of why he interacts with women on only a sexual basis? Steve is superficially aware of why his interactions with women are exclusively sexual, but there is an underlying issue with his mother that prevents him from having a deeper connection with women. 2. What type of psychic energy motives Steve, according to Freud? Libido, that controls sexual drive, is what has been motivating Steve over a majority of his life. . Which of Freud’s personality types does Steve display? What evidence is there for it? What would have caused it? Steve displays the personality of someone that uses defense mechanisms such as displacement and reaction formation. Due to the neglect by his mother, Steve has taken then experience and is taking it out on women around him. 4. At what Freudian stage is Steve fixated? What evidence is there of it? Describe the stage and how it contributed to the fixation.What would have caused this f ixation? Steve is fixated at the phallic stage of development. The evidence is that he is constantly looking for that sexual pleasure. With the lack of attention he got from the opposite-sex parent (Mother), Steve became focused on getting the kind of pleasure he desired, resulting in him being stuck in this stage of development. 5. Others might express their behavior differently than Steve if t hey were fixated at he same stage. Give some examples of how they might behave. While Steve’s hyper-sexual behavior is due to his phallic stage fixation, another person fixated at the same stage may act differently. For example, a person may instead seek sexual attention from people of the same gender. In another instance, a person could become fixated with themselves and unable to engage in sexual relations with another person.

Argument Essay Technology and Children - 847 Words

Argument and Persuasion, Essay #6 Technology and Children This technology revolution sparked a debate on children’s use of technology. Children are constantly using iPads, iPhones, tablets, and other computerized devices. By over exposing children to technology, they are being robbed of the mental stimulation that comes from doing real, non computerized, activities. It has gotten to the point where one can see a two-year-old navigate an iPhone with ease but struggle to speak. Sixty-nine percent of children aged two to five can use a computer mouse, but only eleven percent can tie their own shoelaces (Generation Tech More Kids Can Play Computer Games than Ride a Bike). Also, children are at an all time low in the creativity department†¦show more content†¦Also, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in a study in 2004, 16 percent of children that are between the ages of six and nineteen years of age are overweight or obese. This is a number that has nearly tripled since 1980, mostly due to technological usage. Being overweight can bring with it great health concerns. Many of these children have a chance of developing Type II Diabetes, asthma, sleep apnea, social discrimination, high cholesterol and/or blood pressure. Moreover, according to a Stanford University of Medicine study, elementary students consume 20 percent of their daily calorie intake while watching television, which usually includes unhealthy snacks, largely due to advertisements for junk food and boredom. Coincidently, kids are not burning off any of these calories while they are plopped in front of the television. When it comes down to a child’s creativity, it is being drained by the pre-generated creative art studios on computers. Before if a child wanted to show how artistic they could be, they would pull out a box of crayons or makers and draw a picture straight from their imagination. Now, we have coloring templates with preset colors that make children color inside the lines. The pseudo creativity has parents fooled into believingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Education and the Internet698 Words   |  3 Pagesincorporating more technology into their classrooms. Computers are ever present on college campuses, and many teachers are including them for class activities on a daily basis. With email, a teacher or can be in contact with his or her students outside of the classroom to discuss class work. Computers in the classroom are extremely beneficial for students, more importantly; the use of the Internet allows students easy access to an abundance of information. Writing an essay in a Moo room isRead MoreSummary Of Nathan Jergensons The IRL Fetish918 Words   |  4 Pagesby Nathan Jergenson, is a powerful essay that demonstrates the idea of this so called â€Å"Fetish† that we have with technology today. Within this essay Jergenson uses specific word choice in his essay to strengthen his argument about being connected. He uses quotes from other speakers and writers to get his points acrossed about this fetish that we have in our society right now. Finally, Jergenson also talks about the little victories that we have with technology, like â€Å"logging off†, and the irrationalRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Cloning872 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many arguments against cloning. Leon R. Kass bases his argument on repugnance in his article The Wisdom of Repugnance. He is a well-known physician, educator and scientist. Kass perceives cloning as offensive, grotesque revolting, repulsive and wrong. To establish his argument he stat es, â€Å"Most people recoil from the prospect of mass production or human being, with large clones of look-alikes, compromised in their individuality.†1 His rationale is cloning is unnatural, because it is asexualRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Society s Social Life1409 Words   |  6 Pagesoccasions this so-called technology. Although it is true that the use of this technology on many occasions it helps many people to be in contact with those who are far away. Social platforms like Facebook and tweeter among others bring advantages for people, but at the same time have a negative effect on their behavior. The way they respond to interpersonal relationships and the outcomes that may come from them. For instance, the research about the effects that technology has on social lives, theRead MoreThe Importance Of Technology861 Words   |  4 Pageslast two decades, technology companies have saturated the market with the latest advancements to bring people the latest help with their day to day interactions, jobs, and education. With so many gadgets and trinkets, one can only wonder, just how much exposure to technology is too much? In this digital age, parents and schools are introducing tablets to children at a very young age. Eliana Dockterman, a journalist for Time Magazine, expresses the importance of allowing children to take advantageRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Classroom987 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology has been in the world for decades. Whereas, the more technology improves, the more people are relying on using it. For example, one of these ways is introducing technology to the school system. As the graph below shows how teachers used technologies in the classroom. Granted that, by the next academic year, mobile devices will be available for 1-to-1 computing for half the K-12 student and teacher population in the United States, according to Futuresource Consulting Ltd., a research andRead MoreAre Too Many People Going to College Es say1146 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis on â€Å"Are Too Many People Going to College† Charles Murray’s essay proposes that American colleges are being flooded with individuals who are either unprepared for higher education or who are simply forced into attending college and can’t succeed because of the lack of certain innate abilities. Murray’s essay goes on to take issue with the idea that the pursuit of a traditional college education is somehow strategically creating a separation of the American class system. While MurrayRead MoreHacking Is Generally By A Negative Connotation972 Words   |  4 Pageswherein people playfully engage computer technologies for the intrinsic pleasure of seeing what they can do† (197). It is clear from this sentence that these authors have a unique outlook on hacking, and as the reader gets farther into the article he or she begins to derive the ultimate goal of the article: to depict hacking not as a negative thing, but rather one of a beneficial, mind-developing learning tool for children to better understa nd computers and technology that they will be using for their wholeRead MoreIs It Good For Us?880 Words   |  4 PagesSometimes the Internet is the Best Resource In recent years, advances in technology have exploded. Almost every child has a tablet, middle schools are giving students laptops, and nearly every adult on the planet can be seen walking around with a smartphone. The internet is a huge part of today’s society. Information from all over the globe is just a few clicks away, but could that be a bad thing? Nicholas Carr thinks that the internet is making society stupid in his article â€Å"Is Google Making UsRead MoreThe Declaration Of Sentiments, By Elizabeth Cady Stanton1714 Words   |  7 PagesOver the holiday, please read pages 114-143 in the Language of Composition. 1. Analyze Stanton s use of induction and deduction to support her claim and develop the argument. 4-5 paragraphs. Inductions, a series of examples, can be used to verify a major premise, which can then be the framework for deductions, by applying it to a specific case (minor premise). Deductive reasoning can be structured as a syllogism, a â€Å"logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a