Countries at Low Levels of Development Face Such Huge Challenges That They Cannot Hope to Address Them Without the Assistance of the Rest of the World

Darfur: International Conflict |Location of Darfur: Dafur is a desert region in the far west of northern Sudan. Sudan is the largest country in Africa. It borders the Red Sea and 9 other African nations. | |Brief background: The population is 42. 2 million, capital city is Kartoum, life expectancy of 56 yrs for males and 60 years for females. The GNI per capita is US $1,130. Population of about 6 million | |people. The North/south civil war lasted for 2 decades before the Dafur crisis killed over 2 million people. Decades of fighting have left Sudan's infrastructure devastated.Arabic is the offical | |language of Sudan, and Islam is the religion of the state. Large non- Arabic speaking and non-muslim population which has rejected attempts by the government to impose Islamic Sharia law on the country | |as a whole. | | |Economic |Social |Environmental |Political | |Causes of |The African rebel groups (SLA and JEM) |Refugees from Darfur say air raids by |Dafur- which means land of the Fur, many |Fighting in Dafur started in early 2003.The Sudan | |conflict: |wanted greater representation for their |government aircrafts were followed by attacks |years of tension over land and grazing rights|Liberation Army (SLA) and Justice Equality Movement (| | |communities in the Arab-dominated national|from Janjaweed, who would ride into villages on|between nomadic Arabs, and farmers from the |JEM) began attacking government targets, accusing | | |government and wanted increased funding |horses and camels, slaughtering men, raping |Fur. Khartoum of oppressing black Africans in favour of | | |for Darfur schools, hospitals, public |women and stealing. |long history of cooperation between Darfur |Arabs. | | |services and a share of Sudan's oil | |Arabs and Africans The main conflicts have |Pro-government Arab militias are accused of | | |revenue. | been over access to water and farmland. |campaigning ethnic cleansing against non-Arab groups. | | | | |Droughts in 1984 intensified struggles over |President Bashir took power in June 1989 in a | | | | |resources. military coup against the elected government | | | | | | | |Impact of |Sudan has large areas of cultivable land, |UN estimate more than 2. 7 million people fled |Janjaweed have campaigned to drive African |In March 2009, the International Criminal Court | |conflict: |gold and cotton.Its oil reserves are ripe|their homes ( refugees) and more than 300 000 |farmers off fertile lands in Darfur, have |issued an arrest warrant for President Omar al- | | |for exploitation. The conflict has held |have been killed in the conflict from a |burned African villages and deliberately |Bashir, on the charges of war in Dafur. | | |back economic progress. |combined effect of war, famine and disease. |contaminated water sources. For years after independence, all Dafuris- Arabs and | | | |Some human rights groups have said genocide is | |Africans alike- tended to view the Sudanese | | | |taking place- UN investigations in 2005 | |government in Khartoum as corrupt and biased towards | | | |concluded that war crimes had been committed | |Darfur. | | |but there had been no intent to commit | | | | | |genocide. | | | |International impacts: Strained relations with neighbouring Chad to the west.Both countries accuse |Conflict resolution: President Bashir won re-election in 2000. The opposition boycotted the poll, | |each other of supporting each other's rebel groups. Dafur conflict could lead to a wider, regional war. |accusing him of vote-rigging. | |There are over 200 000 refugees in Chad, many camped along the 600 km stretch of corder and who remain | | |vulnerable to attack. Political: After the UK ( colonial rulers until 1956) introduced democratic councils, there was | |The implications of ongoing violence could further destabilise the region and this could have a knock |competition between Darfur Arabs and Africans for political offices. After independence, this | |on effect on the world's oi l supply for countries such as the US, who are attempting to reduce their |competition increased and Darfur Arabs sought to undo centuries of African dominance in Darfur | |independence on oil from the Middle East. |government. | | | | | | |Other information: | | | | | |Location of Afghanistan: Landlocked mountainous sovereign state forming part of South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the| |north, and China in the far northeast. | |Brief background: | | | | | |Economic |Social |Environmental |Political | |Causes of conflict: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Impact of conflict: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |International impacts: |Conflict resolution: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Other information: | | | | | Afghanistan: International Conflict

Key Stakeholders of Sara Lee Company

Stakeholders are often considered the lifeline of a company. They share a common interest in the health and well being of a company and often support a company financially and morally. Within any organization key stakeholders include individuals and groups within the organization that have a ‘stake' in the well-being or overall success of the organization. Stakeholder's aim is to make sure a company deliver positive results and remain viable through its product and service offerings. Stakeholders often have much say in an organizations daily functioning. They may influence the products or services that a company offers and may influence programs or organizational systems. Key stakeholders at Sara Lee come primarily from within the company. They key players at Sara Lee include members of management and employees but also some external clients including suppliers. Other stakeholders that may share a vested interest in the company include community members, investors, internal and external customers and even board members. Each of these groups has a different ‘stake' in the company. For example a supplier group interested in the well being of the company include a group of roughly 5,000 farmers that provide coffee, banana, beans and vanilla to the company from Uganda (Sara Lee, 2005). These stakeholders will continue to profit as long as Sara Lee continues to do well and continues to utilize their services. Since Sara Lee's product market is so diverse and includes food, apparel and household brands (Singh, 2003) the company's stakeholder base is quite large. The multinational corporation has key stakeholders in many other countries across the globe including employees and managers in Europe possibly India in the near future. Joint ventures and acquisitions over time have also increased Sara Lee's stakeholder base to include representatives from companies partnering with Sara Lee such as Consolidated Grocers Corporation, Oxford Chemical Corporation, Adams-Mills Corporation, Nutri-Metics, and Hills Bros. and more (Singh, 2003). As Sara Lee continues to grow and acquire other companies its key stakeholder base will continue to grow. Other important members include board members and investors in the company, as well as the corporation's top managers including the CEO and COO of the company (Singh, 2003). As long as net sales continue to reach new heights, which they do, the company can rest assured that the majority of their stakeholder's interests will be met time and time again. Shareholders are also important stakeholders at Sara Lee (Singh, 2003). The company's shareholder base continues to grow as the company continues to expand into global markets. While internal stakeholders may help provide balance and insight into ongoing operations, external stakeholders including suppliers are equally important because they can information management of emerging challenges or trends within the industry that may have to be overcome. Organizations partnering with Sara Lee may also be considered stakeholders in the organization. The founder of the company Nathan Cummings is also a key stakeholder in the company that continually invests toward the companies continuing success and future (Singh, 2003). Even HP Corporation may be considered a key stakeholder in Sara Lee's success. HP Corporation currently supplies Sara Lee with services and support for more than 300 computer based systems and telecom networks (HP, 2005).

Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser

Scoring Your Test From the SAT Preparation Bookletâ„ ¢ The materials in these files are intended for individual use by students getting ready to take an SAT Program test; permission for any other use must be sought from the SAT ® Program. Schools (state-approved and/or accredited diploma-granting secondary schools) may reproduce them, in whole or in part, in limited quantities, for face-to-face guidance/teaching purposes but may not mass distribute the materials, electronically or otherwise.These materials and any copies of them may not be sold, and the copyright notices must be retained as they appar here. This permission does not apply to any third-party copyrights contained herein. The College Board: Connecting Students to College Success The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 5,700 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations.Each year, the College Board serves over seven million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,800 colleges through major programs and services in college admissions, guidance, assessment, financial aid, enrollment, and teaching and learning. Among its best-known programs are the SAT ®, the PSAT/NMSQT ®, and the Advanced Placement Program ® (AP ®). The College Board is committed to the principles of excellence and equity, and that commitment is embodied in all of its programs, services, activities, and concerns. For further information, visit www. collegeboard. com.  © 2010 The College Board.All rights reserved. College Board, Advanced Placement Program, AP, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. connect to college success, SAT Preparation Booklet, SAT Reasoning Test, SAT Subject Tests, The Official SAT Study Guide, and The Official SAT Online Course are trademarks owned by the College Board. PSAT/NM SQT is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board and National Merit Scholarship Corporation. All other products and services may be trademarks of their respective owners. Visit the College Board on the Web: www. collegeboard. com.Correct Answers and Difficulty Levels for the Official SAT Practice Test Get a score report and answer explanations! Enter your answers online at collegeboard. com/ satpracticetest. 72 Getting Ready for the SAT  © 2005 The College Board Scoring the Of? cial SAT Practice Test To have your score calculated automatically, go to www. collegeboard. com/satpracticetest. You’ll receive: †¢ A detailed score report †¢ Answer explanations To calculate your score on paper, check your responses with the correct answers on page 72. Fill in the blanks below and do the calculations to get your mathematics, critical reading, and writing raw scores.Use the tables on pages 75–76 to find your scaled scores. How many multiple-ch oice mathematics questions did you get wrong? Section 2: Questions 1–20 Section 6: Questions 1–8 Total + = (B) Section 8: Questions 1–16 + ? 0. 25 = A–B = Mathematics Raw Score Round the mathematics raw score to the nearest whole number. Get Your Critical Reading Score How many critical reading questions did you get right? Section 3: Questions 1–24 Section 7: Questions 1–24 + Section 9: Questions 1–19 + Total = (A) Use the table on page 75 to find your mathematics scaled score. Get Your Writing ScoreHow many multiple-choice writing questions did you get right? Section 5: Questions 1–35 Section 10: Questions 1–14 + Total = (A) How many critical reading questions did you get wrong? Section 3: Questions 1–24 Section 7: Questions 1–24 + Section 9: Questions 1–19 + Total = (B) How many multiple-choice writing questions did you get wrong? Section 5: Questions 1–35 Section 10: Questions 1–14 + Total = (B) ? 0. 25 = A–B= Critical Reading Raw Score Round the critical reading raw score to the nearest whole number. ? 0. 25 = A–B = Writing Multiple-Choice Raw Score Round the writing multiple-choice raw score to the nearest whole number. C) Use the table on page 75 to find your critical reading scaled score. Get Your Mathematics Score How many mathematics questions did you get right? Section 2: Questions 1–20 Section 6: Questions 1–18 + Section 8: Questions 1–16 + Total = (A) Use the table on page 75 to find your writing multiple-choice scaled score. Estimate your essay score using the Essay Scoring Guide on page 73. ?2= (D) Use the table on page 76, your multiple-choice raw score (C), and your essay score (D) to find your writing composite scaled score. 74 Getting Ready for the SAT  © 2005 The College Board SAT Score Conversion TableThe majority of essay readers teach English, composition, or language arts courses. Each essay is scored ind ependently by two readers on a scale of 1 to 6, with 6 being the highest score. The combined score for both readers will range from 2 to 12. If the two readers’ scores are more than one point apart, a third reader resolves the discrepancy. In scoring the essays, readers follow the scoring guide below. The scoring guide describes the features typically found in essays at each score point, including critical thinking, development, organization, language use, and sentence structure. A student can get a top score on the essay even with minor errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics.The SAT essay neither rewards nor penalizes formulaic approaches to writing, such as the five-paragraph essay. There is no formula for effective writing, no single best way to communicate an idea. Any essay that features clear lines of reasoning, appropriate choices of evidence, ample development of ideas, effective organization, and precise use of language will receive a high score, regardless of style or approach. Readers are trained to recognize and reward a wide variety of essays at each score point. SAT ESSAY Scoring Guide SCORE OF 6 An essay in this category demonstrates clear and consistent mastery, although it may have a few minor errors.A typical essay †¢ effectively and insightfully develops a point of view on the issue and demonstrates outstanding critical thinking, using clearly appropriate examples, reasons, and other evidence to support its position †¢ is well organized and clearly focused, demonstrating clear coherence and smooth progression of ideas †¢ exhibits skillful use of language, using a varied, accurate, and apt vocabulary †¢ demonstrates meaningful variety in sentence structure †¢ is free of most errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics SCORE OF 5 An essay in this category demonstrates reasonably consistent mastery, although it will have occasional errors or lapses in quality. A typical essay SCORE OF 4 An essay in this category dem onstrates adequate mastery, although it will have lapses in quality. A typical essay effectively develops a point of view on the †¢ develops a point of view on the issue and issue and demonstrates strong critical thinking, demonstrates competent critical thinking, generally using appropriate examples, reasons, using adequate examples, reasons, and other and other evidence to support its position evidence to support its position †¢ is well organized and focused, demonstrating coherence and progression of ideas †¢ exhibits facility in the use of language, using appropriate vocabulary †¢ demonstrates variety in sentence structure †¢ is generally free of most errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics †¢ is generally organized and focused, demonstrating some coherence and progression of ideas †¢ exhibits adequate but inconsistent facility in the use of language, using generally appropriate vocabulary †¢ demonstrates some variety in sentence structure †¢ has some errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics SCORE OF 3 An essay in this category demonstrates developing mastery, and is marked byONE OR MORE of the following weaknesses: †¢ develops a point of view on the issue, demonstrating some critical thinking, but may do so inconsistently or use inadequate examples, reasons, or other evidence to support its position †¢ is limited in its organization or focus, or may demonstrate some lapses in coherence or progression of ideas †¢ displays developing facility in the use of language, but sometimes uses weak vocabulary or inappropriate word choice †¢ lacks variety or demonstrates problems in sentence structure †¢ contains an accumulation of errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics SCORE OF 2 An essay in this category demonstrates little mastery, and is flawed by ONE OR MORE of the following weaknesses: †¢ develops a point of view on the issue that is vague or seriously limited, and demonstrates weak crit ical thinking, providing inappropriate or insufficient examples, reasons, or other evidence to support its positionAn essay in this category demonstrates very little or no mastery, and is severely flawed by ONE OR MORE of the following weaknesses: †¢ develops no viable point of view on the issue, or provides little or no evidence to support its position †¢ is poorly organized and/or focused, or †¢ is disorganized or unfocused, resulting in a disjointed or incoherent essay demonstrates serious problems with coherence or progression of ideas †¢ displays very little facility in the use of language, using very limited vocabulary or incorrect word choice †¢ demonstrates frequent problems in sentence structure †¢ contains errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics so serious that meaning is somewhat obscured  © 2005 The College Board †¢ displays fundamental errors in vocabulary demonstrates severe flaws in sentence structure †¢ contains pervasive err ors in grammar, usage, or mechanics that persistently interfere with meaning Getting Ready for the SAT 73 Essays not written on the essay assignment will receive a score of zero. Sample Essays for the SAT Practice Test Essay #1: This essay received a score of 6 Americans nowadays are far too concerned with their privacy. In our culture of large houses, home security systems, and private counslers, everyone is trying too hard to seclude themselves and cut off their emotions with the outside world. Two summers ago some friends of mine and I went on a trip to Thailand for one month.In Thailand I observed how communicative Thais were with all of their problems and emotions, and I became convinced that this culture of sharing one’s emotions was far superior to the American way of hiding them. In America we all are individualists, meaning we all care about standing out in a crowd and making a unique, strong impression. So when my friends and I arrived in a small village in the Nort h of Thailand, we were somewhat shocked to find that Thais centered around groups, not individual people. When it came to emotions, if someone had a problem, the group had a problem, and everyone would try and fix it. It was as if the entire village was one large team that had a mission to help all of its individuals. No one was left in isolation.In contrast, we Americans hid all of our stressful or other serious emotions. We were concerned once again with our appearance, how we would be judged by our friends, and whether or not it suited our unique identity. For us, it was â€Å"every man for himself. † If someone had a problem, it was up to them to fix it. The advantages of this might be that everyone learns to solve their problems on their own, but people are then not learning how to communicate their problems, they are not learning how to communicate in a group. For example, my friend Duncan had recently got refused by a college he had had his heart set on, and he was fee ling depressed about it.While in Thailand we all asumed that he was doing ok because he never talked about it. After one month however, all of us in the group had grown closer together and we started to share our feelings more. Duncan confessed to us that he was still upset about his college refusal, and we all worked together to cheer him up and get rid of his depression. There was nothing â€Å"weak† about him feeling upset. In fact, he showed us strength by being brave enough to express himself to us. Should people keep their emotions private? If they have serious emotions that they hold inside of themselves, most likely these emotions will be a lot harder to make go away.Thai culture, and the Thai way of solving problems as a group, convinced me that people are meant to express themselves in a group. Confessing one’s emotions to others is a way to cope with problems, and it teaches us valuable lessons of communication and honesty. People need to confess their probl ems, not keep them private. Why Essay #1 Received a Score of 6 This essay demonstrates outstanding critical thinking in effectively and insightfully developing a point of view on the issue (â€Å"Confessing one’s emotions to others is a way to cope with problems, and it teaches us valuable lessons of communication and honesty†) with a clearly appropriate example from personal experience.Well organized and clearly focused, the essay uses an account of a trip to Thailand to illustrate the point that Americans, who â€Å"all care about standing out in a crowd† and thus conceal â€Å"all of our stressful or other serious emotions,† â€Å"need to learn the Thai way of solving problems†¦people are meant to express themselves in a group. † The essay demonstrates smooth progression of ideas (â€Å"Duncan confessed to us that he was still upset about his college refusal, and we all worked together to cheer him up†¦There was nothing ‘weakâ⠂¬â„¢ about him feeling upset. In fact, he showed his strength by being brave enough to express himself to us†) and uses language skillfully throughout.This essay demonstrates clear and consistent mastery and earns the top score of 6.  © 2005 The College Board Essay #2: This essay received a score of 6 I cannot help but believe, despite my slight ambivalence over the issue of privacy, that the trends which now-adays indicate a slight reluctance on part of people to keep some things private, are dangerous. Shows like â€Å"Jerry Springer† in the USA tend to reveal information that is inherently dangerous for young children, and thus should be kept private. A problem with capitalism that I have become cognizant of, through my observations, is that if some activity can help amass profits, it is widely employed.This almost insane drive to attain profit maximization not only ignores external and societal costs, but is setting dangerous cultural precedents. Since lurid, sen sationalist confessions by ‘average’ people are quite appealing to the general television viewer, it is unsurprising that myriad shows have propped up on television, which pander to these very wants by exposing stories and information which is better kept dissembled. In this context, the show ‘Jerry Springer’ epitomizes my argument. In this show, an array of family problems are presented to an audience, not for information dissemination, but for ‘entertainment’; In this case, which means—and I think this is quite obvious—nothing but mockery and amusement over the antics of people who choose to expose their problems.These ‘personal predicaments’ range from some less disturbing ones, such as people cheating on their friends or marital partners, to extremely grave ones, such as people sleeping with their relatives. I am not someone who would like to contravene principles like freedom of expression, or freedom of choice. But democracy as a system doesnot herald absolute freedom for its own sake; rather, it champions the cause of ‘live and let live’. The latter principal is surely being violated by people who choose to expose such stories— for no plausible reasons I can conjure, since no family problem has actually been solved by such shows—to impressionable young children; for TV ratings and parental supervision do not always work. Am I exaggerating?Is it not harmful or psychologically detrimental when a child is exposed to such ideas? You be the judge. Why Essay #2 Received a Score of 6 This essay demonstrates clear and consistent mastery, effectively and insightfully developing a point of view on the issue (â€Å"the trends which now-a-days indicate a slight reluctance on part of people to keep some things private, are dangerous†) with clearly appropriate reasons and examples. The essay displays outstanding critical thinking in linking the â€Å"harmful or psycho logically detrimental† behavior publicized on the â€Å"Jerry Springer† television show with capitalism’s â€Å"almost insane drive to attain profit maximization. The essay is well organized and clearly focused, demonstrating smooth progression of ideas (â€Å"I am not someone who would like to contravene principles like freedom of expression, or freedom of choice. But democracy as a system doesnot herald absolute freedom for its own sake; rather, it champions the cause of ‘live and let live’. The latter principal is surely being violated by people who choose to expose such stories—for no plausible reasons I can conjure, since no family problem has actually been solved by such shows—to impressionable young children†). The essay also exhibits skillful use of language, featuring precision and variety in vocabulary and sentence structure.This outstanding essay receives the top score of 6.  © 2005 The College Board Essay #3: This essay received a score of 5 People no longer respect the privacy of others or of themselves. This is evident through the exposure of famous peoples’ lives, the â€Å"showing off† of possessions and sex appeal, and pornography. Society should learn to respect the privacy of others despite the urge to get involved. One of the most common places privacy is violated is among famous or upper class groups. The reason society feels a need to know everything that goes on in a famous person’s life is because of jealousy. People constantly remind the rich and the famous that their lives are not â€Å"perfect. For instance, when Brittany Speare’s married her limosine driver and then divorced him eight hours later, everyone read it in the tabloids, newspapers, saw it on the television and heard of it on the radio. Another reason why such people are constant victims of over exposure is because the media takes advantage of certain situations in order to increase their ratings and profit. A popular practice, especially found in the United States and European countries, is the â€Å"showing† off of possessions. People want the world to know that they have money and own an Escalade or Rolls Royce. MTV has a show called CRIBS, which shows the audience the interior and exterior of rich multi-million dollar homes of famous musical artists. Also, the â€Å"showing† off of bodies and the use of sex appeal has become almost a necessity in the fashion business.Women and men completely expose their bodies in an effort to make money and become famous. This has a negative effect on society because it leads to a decline in self confidence and people, especially young teen girls, in an attempt to look like super models, starve themselves. Pornography is another aspect of life that should be private. Sex is a sacred act that is shared between a man and a woman yet people, such as Paris Hilton, have violated and abused it. This brings the idea that sex sells. Society should not overexpose their bodies, money, or the private lives of others. This could help decrease the amount of crimes, teen pregnancies, and identity theft. Why Essay #3 Received a Score of 5This essay effectively develops a point of view on the issue (â€Å"Society should not expose their bodies, money, or the private lives of others†) with appropriate reasons and examples. The well-organized essay uses strong critical thinking to explain how people are hurt by the lack of privacy in today’s image-focused, media-saturated society (â€Å"Women and men completely expose their bodies in an effort to make money and become famous. This has a negative effect on society because it leads to a decline in self confidence and people, especially young teen girls, in an attempt to look like super models, starve themselves†). The essay exhibits facility in the use of language (â€Å"People no longer respect the privacy of others or of themselves.This is evident through the exposure of famous peoples’ lives, the â€Å"showing off† of possessions and sex appeal, and pornography†). To earn a score of 6, the writer needs to use stronger critical thinking to explain more fully how celebrity overexposure and pornography are harmful to society. This essay demonstrates reasonably consistent mastery and earns a 5.  © 2005 The College Board Essay #4: This essay received a score of 5 For a person to be honest, he need not share every aspect of his life. It is not dishonest to not mention a fact that was not inquired about. Even if it was asked of, one can easily say, truthfully, that they care not to speak of the issue.People in our modern society should make an effort to keep aspects of their lives private, for it would give them and others many problems, most of which are much greater than dishonesty could ever be. Many issues are personnal, and relevant only to you. There is no reason why personnal information shou ld be shared, unless it is by the will of that person, or in order to solve a larger problem. In the United States, we have our government separated from our religious institutions, and for good reason. People should be allowed to worship however they choose, and the rest of the world should have no effect on it, as guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.However, this is not always the case. In the Nazi-controlled Europe of WWII, Jews were forced to wear a Star of David on their arm to show they were Jewish and therefore were shunned. Their right to privacy was violated, and should not have been. In the world today, there are many diverse cultures. The United States, for example, has races from all over the globe. Many people have opinions about some of these different races and the beliefs that correlate. Groups such as the KKK outwardly show their opinions of other ethnic groups, in many cases violently. For the safety of themselves and the ones they shun, they should keep their opinion s private.Even on the smaller scale, if two people were to divulge all their opinions and beliefs to the other, they would no doubt find many ideas upon which they disagree. Instead of ignoring their minute differences and getting along well, they chose, by not keeping their ideas private, to bring them out and possibly argue heatedly about them. There are many more instances in which privacy should be honored, but these two should give an adequate idea of why privacy is very important to a peaceful society. Why Essay #4 Received a Score of 5 This essay demonstrates strong critical thinking in developing a point of view on the issue (â€Å"privacy is very important to a peaceful society†) with appropriate reasons and examples.Well organized and focused around the idea that privacy helps people avoid â€Å"many problems, most of which are much greater than dishonesty,† the essay displays coherence and progression of ideas, first citing the violation of Jews’ priv acy under the Nazis, then explaining that in today’s world of diverse cultures, little good comes of people â€Å"divulg[ing] all their opinions and beliefs. † The essay exhibits facility in the use of language and demonstrates variety in sentence structure (â€Å"Groups such as the KKK outwardly show their opinions of other ethnic groups, in many cases violently. For the safety of themselves and the ones they shun, they should keep their opinions private†). To achieve a score of 6, the writer needs to explain the link between the two examples more insightfully. The essay is effective and earns a score of 5. Essay #5: This essay received a score of 4 J.David Velleman had an idea that many may believe as truth, however, when looking at the entire picture it is clear that in all free countries everyone has a right to keep things to themselves. In our very own constitution we have dedicated the 4th Amendment to protecting people from incriminating themselves in the court of law. People every day do things and refuse to tell others about their actions. If a person truely wants to keep something private then that person has the right to do so. Our culture becoming a far too confessional and selfexpressive is not a true statement in that people have and will always have the ability to keep something private if they want to. Our culture in America is growing closer to utilizing therapy as a tool to improve their state of mind and well being.This, however, requires a person to be more open so that a trained professional can use their skills to help solve problems. However, at the begining of the 1st therapy session the therapist is required to tell the person or group that they do not need to share something if they dont wish to. This then gives the choice to the patient who decide what to tell and what not to tell. In the past some might say that people were forced into saying things more than in our present day culture. The Spanish Inquisition t ortured their victims and forced them to say things even if it wasnt true in order to sentance the person to death. It is an obvious choice that therapy is a far better way of opening a person up.  © 2005 The College Board Why Essay #5 Received a Score of 4This essay develops a point of view on the issue (â€Å"If a person truely wants to keep something private then that person has the right to do so†) with reasons and examples that adequately support the position, thus demonstrating competent critical thinking. Generally focused around the idea that people in contemporary America enjoy the right to privacy, a right that people have not always possessed, the essay features some coherence and progression of ideas (â€Å"In the past some might say that people were forced into saying things more than in our present day culture. The Spanish Inquisition tortured their victims and forced them to say things even if it wasnt true in order to sentance the person to death. It is an obvious choice that therapy is a far better way of opening a person up†). The essay exhibits adequate facility in the use of language despite some errors.To earn a higher score, the writer should further develop the interesting contrast between therapy and the Spanish Inquisition with additional focused reasoning and other evidence. This competent essay receives a score of 4. Essay #6: This essay received a score of 4 People should have a choice whether they want to keep their own matters private, and the public should respect people’s decisions. If people want to keep their matters private, they should not have to make an effort. An example of â€Å"confessional and self-expressive† matters is a diary. Many people express their deepest thoughts and feelings in diaries and journals. Some people, such as celebrities, choose to publicize their diaries. If such is their desire, no one should have a problem.Some celebrities just want average people to know what a fam ous is actually like. These inside peeks can be entertaining and informative. On the other hand, if people choose to keep their diaries secret, then others should respect them. People can use diaries to disclose embarrassing, revealing secrets that would otherwise eat away at them. People can use their diaries as an escape. Others should not violate their privacy for no reason. Of course, sometimes people do have a good reason for invading someone’s privacy and reading his/her diary. Because people often think that no one who matters will ever read their diaries, they can reveal their innermost thoughts. These diaries can be important to historians.For example, Anne Frank’s powerfully moving diary revealed a great deal about life during the Holocaust. Her diary has proven to be an excellent primary source. Another important diary is Go Ask Alice. Alice’s diary opens up the world of drugs. Her story can be used to help other drug-addicted teens or to prevent peop le from trying drugs. Thus, opening up diaries to the public can be very useful. Clearly, there are benefits to keeping certain things private or public. Why Essay #6 Received a Score of 4 This essay demonstrates competent critical thinking in developing a point of view on the issue (â€Å"Clearly, there are benefits to keeping certain things rivate or public†) through a generally focused discussion of diaries. The essay uses adequate reasons and examples to examine both sides of the privacy debate (â€Å"If people want to keep their matters private, they should not have to make an effort†¦. Of course, sometimes people do have a good reason for invading someone’s privacy and reading his/her diary†). The essay demonstrates some progression of ideas and exhibits adequate facility in the use of language (â€Å"These diaries can be important to historians. For example, Anne Frank’s powerfully moving diary revealed a great deal about life during the Holo caust. Her diary has proven to be an excellent primary source†).To achieve a higher score, the writer should use critical thinking to reconcile the opposing sides of the issue, perhaps by answering the question, â€Å"when, exactly, is it acceptable to read someone else’s diary? † The essay is competent and receives a score of 4.  © 2005 The College Board Essay #7: This essay received a score of 3 I think that you should not have to keep everything private. People have a lot of views, ideas, stories, etc. and if they feel that it is necessary to tell them, then let them. I think that if it is helpful, necessary, or comforting to the person talking or talking to, then anyone should be able to talk about it. My first example is if someone was having a problem.If this person is feeling really bad and their friend (peer) wants to tell them how they feel about the topic, then keeping it private is the wrong thing to do! The feelings that the second person is express ing to the first could be extremely helpful. My second example is that some people solve their own problems by talking about it. Often times when someone is having some kind of problem, speaking out and letting people know how they feel can help them. Just hearing themselves talk about it can really help a person. This doesn’t mean that you have to physically talk about it to another human. As long as you aren’t screaming at someone that you don’t know, then let it go.My last example is if you knew something or had an opinion on something that could greatly help you or someone else from doing something that is physically or mentally damaging. For example suicide. No one wants you to keep your feelings in if it is going to be something dangerous like this. I think that if it is helpful, necesarry or comforting to the person talking or talking to, then anyone should be able to say what you feel. Why Essay #7 Received a Score of 3 This essay demonstrates some criti cal thinking in developing a point of view on the issue (â€Å"I think that if it is helpful, necessary, or comforting to the person talking or talking to, then anyone should be able to talk about it†) with reasons or examples.However, the evidence provided is limited in focus and is inadequately developed to support the position (â€Å"My last example is if you knew someone or had an opinion on something that could greatly help you or someone else from doing something that is physically or mentally damaging. For example suicide. No one wants you to keep your feelings in if it is going to be something dangerous like this†). The essay also displays developing facility in the use of language. To attain a higher score, the writer should improve the focus of the evidence provided, perhaps by including examples of actual situations in which â€Å"speaking out† was beneficial. This essay demonstrates developing mastery and earns a 3. Essay #8: This essay received a sc ore of 2 I feel that people should keep things more private, but some things should be expressed.People should keep things more quiet, because thats how rumors get out, when people talk about something they don’t really know about well. If people kept quiet then rumors wouldn’t get started, and as long as they kept quiet, it gives them more time to learn the truth. If things were kept in private, maybe there would not be wars and terrorism. People would get along and not have to argue over dumb stuff. Most bad things happen because someone says something wrong. In that case if people kept their opinions private, there wouldn’t be anything spoken wrong. I also think somethings should be expressed, like if there was something bad going to happen to the country, people would speak about it, instead of keeping it quiet.Some others that shouldn’t be kept quiet would be deaths, so people could hear if they knew the person or not. Basically any thing important t o the country and families should not be kept private. The only way it should is if they wanted it too. Overall, I feel that you can say what you want, but make sure you are speaking the truth and if not keep it private.  © 2005 The College Board Why Essay #8 Received a Score of 2 This essay develops a vague point of view on the issue (â€Å"I feel that people should keep things more private, but some things should be expressed†) and provides insufficient evidence to support the position, thus demonstrating weak critical thinking.The essay is poorly focused, displaying serious problems with progression of ideas and the use of language (â€Å"Some others that shouldn’t be kept quiet would be deaths, so people could hear if they knew the person or not. Basically any thing important to the country and families should not be kept private. The only way it should is if they wanted it too†). To earn a higher score, the writer should offer adequate, developed reasons and examples that clarify the distinction between what should be expressed and what should be kept private. This essay is seriously limited and receives a score of 2. Essay #9: This essay received a score of 1 In life people’s privacy are viewed on different levels.It depends on how serious their secret is. If it is very serious they will do anything to keep it private if not they will tell in time. Our culture has been viewed by all and in the opinions of the world i guess, some think it needs to be like it is, too where we know what’s going on in the world. Others don’t want to know but when they do find out it freaks them out, to were their paranoid. Our cultures privacy is our opinion. It should in some ways be kept a serious secret and they should take more effort to keep it private. If not that serious it will be told in time, just like when Bush went to Iraq for Thanksgiving. Why Essay #9 Received a Score of 1This essay develops no viable point of view on the issue, offering only disjointed, unfocused statements about privacy (â€Å"Our cultures privacy is our opinion. It should in some ways be kept a serious secret and they should take more effort to keep it private†). The essay displays severe flaws in sentence structure (â€Å"If it is very serious they will do anything to keep it private if not they will tell in time†) and contains pervasive errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics that interfere with meaning (â€Å"when they do find out it freaks them out, to were their paranoid†). To achieve a higher score, the writer needs to present a clear point of view and support it with relevant reasons and examples. This essay demonstrates no mastery and receives a score of 1.  © 2005 The College Board

The Christian Tradition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Christian Tradition - Essay Example Christian views are still considered to be the most widespread in the world. These are views about the one God in the Universe which are represented in three forms: God the father, God the son and God the holy spirit. The God created the Earth and people, he was working for six days and had rest on the seventh. Adam and Eve were the first people and they lost the heaven. Christians tend to believe that their religion explains the origin of the world in a best way. Thus, many people have been sharing the Christian views. However, globalization made Christians face new problems. . Christian churches in Europe currently exist in new situation of religious pluralism. At the same time religious pluralism became one of the main causes of crisis in the traditional churches of Europe. The process of globalization does not allow any society to exist in complete cultural isolation. Every person has an access to any religious knowledge and the infinite majority of religious systems. Besides, pluralism turns out from the objective reality to ideology that rejects the possibility of making any exact declarations about the truth and universal values. Thus, modern pluralistic situation is a serious challenge for Christianity. Christians need to define how to communicate in the pluralistic society and the representatives of other religions in the new conditions. The main issues to consider are how Christians should reply to the challenge, how they may argue about the truth in the multireligious society in order to be heard. Christians may consider pluralism to be an ideology, which is full of inner contradictions and mistakes, which does not correspond to the reality of this world anyhow. In other words, pluralism contains fatal inner and outer inconsistency, which makes pluralism untruthful. At the same time people who are predisposed to ideology for some cultural reasons may consider it to be truthful. Many clergymen state that pluralism is just a tribute to fashion,

How official sponsors have been affected by the activities of ambush Essay

How official sponsors have been affected by the activities of ambush - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of ambush marketing. Crimmins and Horn define ambush marketing as the act in which a corporation takes advantage of a well known event like FIVA tournaments in football to popularize itself without an official permit from the concerned party. It is considered to be a form of marketing strategy in which one of the many competing companies associates itself with a particular sporting event, without paying the required fee. The company associates itself directly with the event and it’s participants without an official permit, creating an unfair competition with the official sponsors. The aim of the ambush marketing is to popularize their company by influencing fans to buy their products. They only associate themselves to the event but do not use trademarks of the third party while only suggesting a close connection to the event by creatively alluding themselves to that event. Generally, ambush marketing can be demonstrated in one of th e following ways such as through sponsorship of the event’s broadcasting. Lyberger and McCarthy concurs that this will work to their advantage since it will popularize itself among the fans through the televisions covering the event. Secondly, the ambush marketer might also sponsor the event’s subcategories and hence boosting their association through a cost-effective method. Another strategy ambush marketers employ is to buy time to advertise themselves during their competitors’ event. Furthermore they can as well organize for similar but non-sponsored events to run co-currently with the event. Finally, the ambush marketers can opt to buy licenses allowing them to sell their products during the event or offer unsanctioned tickets and hospitality packages to fans of the event. This paper discusses a case study of ambush marketing in India. Case Study Vikrant (2003, p.34) examines India as one of the many countries which have been affected by the activities of th e ambush marketers during the 2003 Cricket World cup. One of the cases was triggered by a promotion dubbed Phillips, which was offering Cricket World Cup tickets as prizes. The slogans that were used during the promotion indicated the name â€Å"Philips† and they urged interested candidates to buy an audio system from Philips and get one cricket world cup ticket (O’Sullivan and Murphy, 2000, p.366). In addition, the tickets indicated a seating place for someone and the entry number at the gate. This incidence caused a lot of suspicion since the Philips Sponsor had no official recognition among the sponsors of the event. Lyberger and McCarthy (2001, p. 134) explains that during that year the International Cricket Council (ICC) had signed official agreements with nine sponsors who were officially recognized. It came to the attention of the council that the sponsor calling itself Philips was not among the nine sponsors. Consequently, the council presented claims that the Philips Sponsor was trespassing and offering unfair competition to the recognized official sponsors. The sponsors of Phillips were an ambushing marketer and the council filed a suit restraining the sponsor from associating its advertisements to the world tournament (Vikrant, 2003, p. 38). However, this was a belated afterthought as the ambush had already caused a lot of damage to the official sponsors and stopping the adverts could not reverse its gains to Phillips. Matters were further complicated by the fact that a case presented to an Indian court by the council was dismissed on grounds that the information contained in the Philips Slogan was just a form of advertisement (Natal, p. 2003). According to the court, Philips was just looking for a way to attract many people to buy their products, which doesn’t amount to an infringement. It interpreted the information in the slogan as any person purchasing goods form Philips would be awarded a prize, only that the prize was the

Genetics and Criminal Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genetics and Criminal Behavior - Research Paper Example If for instance a person is proved to be genetically predisposed to criminal behaviour, they can be given intervention therapy to help them not to end up in crime. This would be like knowing that someone is about to get some disease and intervening before they actually get the disease. It would work as a way to immunize the person from criminal behaviour by helping them to be able to recognise their won weaknesses and how to overcome them. The second way in which this kind of approach to criminology can be useful in the prevention of crime is by helping the criminals to be able to pin point criminals long before they commit any crime (Connor, 1995). Not only would it be able to help in preventing crime, it would also be able to help in situations where investigations of already committed crime are being carried out. This would help in identifying suspects in a much easier way and being able to carry out investigations in an effective way. There are various cases where genetics have been seen to be a cause for criminal behaviour. A good example of this is the Jared Lee Loughner case in which Jared Lee Loughner went on a shooting spree where he killed six people and injured numerous others (Denno, 2011). His defence counsel asked that a forensic psychiatrist carry out an assessment of the suspect. William Bernet, a psychiatrist carried out an assessment of the suspect and concluded that he had a rare mental condition, m onoamine oxidase which would predispose him to violent actions. The lawyers were able to prove that the suspect did not carry out the criminal act of his own will but that he was genetically predisposed to do the same. The above case also proves that using behavioural genetics can be useful in the justice system in making sure that justice is served in the best way possible. Failing to do so will mean that the people will not be able to get full

Simon Property Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Simon Property Group - Essay Example People from different ethnic backgrounds are staying in the country. Domestic social environment of the country is very peaceful. Domestic environment related to technology is also very sound and modern in nature. The country sets benchmarks for other countries in the world. The country faces some problems related with corruptions and terrorism. Over all domestic environment of the country is very stable, modern, updated and suitable for investing money and doing business (Elizabeth, 2010). Commercial real estate industry in USA is on the recovery mode. From 2008 to 2010 the industry was severely damaged by global financial crisis. At that point of time graph of the industry was very down. Recently the industry is improving slightly. Traditionally big players in the industry were only focusing towards big cities like Boston, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, Washington and New York City. Now a day’s big players are shifting their focuses towards small cities also. Over the years the industry has faced lots of ups and downs. Unstable atmosphere was there in the industry. But with the time the industry has able to come back. People are investing into this industry. The industry has reordered an improved growth of 11% in the first quarter of 2014. For last 21 years Simon Property Group is there in the industry. The organization has controversy related to the payment of its CEO. The organization has negative attributes regarding patents. In 2011 the organization faced serious patent problems with North Mobile Tech Embroiled. Carpenter, Bauer and Erdogan has come up with an 8 phase rational decision making theory. According to this theory any decision can be made with the help of eight steps. In the first step of the theory identification of the problem is very much important. In the second step decision making criterion has to be fixed. In the third step all those criterions have to assign with different weigh. According to the theory

Module 4 DQ 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Module 4 DQ 1 - Essay Example I also intended to record commercials that featured children as the target consumers. There was coding of the type of data recorded. As mentioned earlier, the items targeted were programs featuring children and commercials targeting children as the main consumers. In that, age of the primary characters was between 5 and 15 years. The reason for considering 15 years old characters as children is due to the fact that some people enter and leave adolescence late (Bordens & Abbott, 2014). There was coding based on ethnicity or race of the participants. Similarly, gender was not a primary concern in the selection of subjects to observe. Besides the video recording, there it was not possible to record the observation in another way. From the observation, it was apparent that the children observed in the program and the commercials had similar behaviors. Critical analysis of the behavior showed that children in both settings had high levels of brain activity. Children in the two settings loved play and seemed to be in quest for learning many issues. In fact, the commercials recorded had children appearing to be analyzing toys with great

Finance in Hospitality Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance in Hospitality Industry - Assignment Example The businessperson can apart with money to put into the business. This could include savings or start up capital. This method of approach ensures that the person has complete ownership of the business. External sources are another option to funding. There is several of this kind of funding. Bank loan is one example. Banks can offer one capital to fund a business. The loan repayment is spread over a long period of time and one has to pay interest. One can have additional partners when starting a business. An individual may decide to team up with another person in the business venture. The new partner usually pays more capital than the individual. I would go for owner’s capital Friends and family may also be a source of external funding. Family can invest in a business with little or no interest. They can support an individual in the business venture without making demand for shareholding .Small Business Administration (SBA) can generate funds for business setup. In this method the individual access loans that are provided for by the federal government The amount of interest is minimal in SBA’s. The best sourcing for me could be family and friends. Interests, security and shareholding are not demanded for with the approach. To add on, the family can offer counsel and support during the business initiation. Generating income in hotel Business. Venturing in business is usually for the purposes of income generation. Various businesses employ a variety of methods to realize the optimal profits. The enterprises engage in various forms of generation .Fee for service, selling of products, membership dues, tangible and untangible assets are ways that money is earned in an institution. The hospitality industry also can employ these strategies to make economic gain. Services can be sold as a way of making money. Catering services can be provided for by hotels in different contexts .Eatery services can be offered within the organization. Customers visit the ho tel and get food and drinks for which they are charged .Hotels can cater for wedding sand parties in the neighborhood and make profits. Catering services can be taken to institutions of learning by the hotels and the administration reciprocates the service by paying up. Tangible assets can also be used to gain profits. Leasing and renting out of assets such as space, equipment and land. The hotel can hire out rooms for conferences and workshops to other organizations. This ensures that they make for the leasing and the assets remain their own. Space for hosting events such as parties and weddings can also make up for income generation. The grounds can be well lawn and presentable. Consumers can therefore rent the place and pay up for the amount of time they use the place. Furthermore, boarding services can be provided for. The consumers are offered spaces to sleep for a levy .Investment and dividends can offer funds for an organization. The hotel can enroll in the stock exchange and gain accrued interests with time. This is the passive way of income generation as the stakeholders are not directly involved in money making. TASK 2 Costs, gross profit percentages and selling prices fort products and services are important in mapping out a company’s progress. Cost can have various elements to it that need to be considered. These elements include; revenue, Cost of goods sold, formula as well as management. Revenue refers to as ‘sales ‘in companies. This is the receipts and debits over a certain

The Baptist Faith Essay Example for Free

The Baptist Faith Essay Many Baptist can trace their origins to the early church, a period when churches consisted of committed worshippers who were baptized upon confession of faith as adults. Their beginnings have also been traced to medieval sects who protested against baptismal theory and practice. However, the Baptist faith is most commonly traced back to John Smyth and the Separatists who started the General Baptist Church in 1609. (McBeth) Baptist Churches did not start developing in the American colonies until mid-17th century. However, like any other religion they have their own uniqueness and pros and cons. There are several different factors that make the Baptist religion stand out from other religions. One of the main ones is the method of baptism. Some other churches baptize as infants, but the Baptist Church believe in believer’s baptism (McBeth). A believer’s baptism is an ordinance performed after a person professes Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior, and it is symbolic of the cleansing of remission of their sins. This usually consists of lowering the candidate in water backwards, while the pastor recites the Trinitarian formula of Mathew 28:19. King James Version) Another unique factor in the formation of the Baptist Church is that with separation of church and state, early Baptists played an important role in the struggle for religious freedom. In fact, many early Baptist were imprisoned and even died for their faith. One of the important figures in this struggle was John Smyth, a former Anglican priest. He taught that true worship should be from the heart rather than reading a liturgy (McBeth). The Baptist Church still holds this view today. Believe it or not, some Baptists still have their own opinions on the reasons why Christ died for all the people or not. With so many religions out there, it is up to the individual to choose their beliefs. The Baptist religion has a rich history and its own unique set of beliefs and teachings. Some of these beliefs may be seen as positive, while others may be seen as negative. It is up to an individual to research, study and pray about which religion is right. There is only one that will fill the heart.

Introduction To The Oil And Gas Industry Commerce Essay

Introduction To The Oil And Gas Industry Commerce Essay The production of crude oil can include up to three different stages and they are primary, secondary and tertiary. The tertiary method is also known as the Enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Different methods of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are designed to recover oil left in the reservoir after both primary and secondary recovery methods have been implemented as per their economic limits. It is also defined as the process where some external energy, sources were introduced to enhance the production of oil from the oil field which is left out after the exploitation of the primary and secondary methods economically. These external sources can be gases, chemicals or even steam through injection systems and the processes involved are gas injection, chemical injection, thermal injection and microbial injection. The purpose of Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is to increase oil production, primarily through an increase in temperature, pressure, or an enhancement of the oils ability to flow through the reservoir. The challenge of EOR is that the remaining oil is located in regions of the reservoir that are difficult to access, and the oil is held in the pores by capillary pressure. During primary recovery, the natural pressure of the reservoir drives oil into the wellbore, and artificial lift techniques (such as pumps) bring the oil to the surface. Only about 10 percent of a reservoirs original oil in place (OOIP) is typically produced during primary recovery. Secondary recovery methods applied to the fields productive life generally by injecting water or gas to displace oil and drive it to a production wellbore, resulting in the recovery of 20 to 40 percent of the original oil in place. Once the reservoir is half empty it is very expensive to extract and not profitable for the companies to produc e oil. At this point of time the companies may abandon the reservoir which is half full. In the past twenty years, many research organizations and oil companies have conducted extensive theoretical and laboratory EOR (enhanced oil recovery) researches to include validating pilot and field trials relevant to much needed domestic commercial application, while western countries had terminated such endeavors almost completely due to low oil prices. In recent years, oil demand has increased and now these operations have become more desirable. On an average, two-thirds of the original oil discovered in the U.S remains in the ground after conventional recovery operations. This oil represents about 200 billion barrels. Due to these factors most of the major oil companies are interested in techniques to extract this oil. And thats where enhanced oil recovery comes in. 2. CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES 2.1 Gas injection: This is the most common and effective method to improve the oil production from the field, which is noted as the most effective one for production of oil for different oil fields. This was first tried in Texas in the 1970s. This technique has been aimed to improve the pressure of reservoir, maintaining low operating costs with the increase in production of oil. The initial expenses for the basic equipment and components of gas are very high, due to which this technique has not seen widespread application. On the other hand the operating costs for this system are very low, these upfront investment costs were the barriers for the smaller independent oil companies to implement this gas injection EOR; however the investment return made possible for even independent smaller companies with the record oil prices. This method associates with nitrogen, natural gas and mainly carbon dioxide with the injection process into the field. The gas (carbon dioxide) spreads and pushes the extra oil to the place it can be extracted out easily. Gradually carbon dioxide dissolves in the oil which helps to improve the oil flow rate by reducing the viscosity of the oil. In these applications, more than half and up to two thirds of the injected carbon dioxide returns with the oil produced and is usually re-injected into the reservoir to minimize the operating costs and the remaining gas is trapped in the oil reservoir in various means. The utilization of the carbon dioxide for the gas injection EOR resulted in the prevention of plenty harmful gases from entering the natural air. C:UsersROCKYDesktopenhanced-oil-recovery.jpg 2.2 Thermal recovery: Steam injection technique has been commercially used since 1960s in California fields. As heat is required to enhance the oil flow rate, steam is sent into the reservoir through the injection system to reduce its viscosity or thin the heavy viscous oil, and improve its ability to flow through the reservoir which can be produced at the producing bore well. Dolberry oil assessed that steam associate for 52percent of present techniques used for Enhanced oil recovery, when compared to the carbon dioxide at 31percent and nitrogen 17percent. The technology called Steam Slugging contains a mixture of steam and carbon dioxide that appeared to double the production of oil within a less period of time which produced good results, making extra ten barrels per day with added advantages like water disposal and cleaning of the bore well. In this process each well is injected for about to 12 hours and then the well is left soaked for 12 to 15 hours in which the gas (carbon dioxide) compounds with the oil while and at the same time nitrogen gas helps in pulling the oil to the place where pressure is low. The extra heat produced by the extra pressure helps to loosen the oil in the pay zone. Eventually the oil produced in this process is extracted in the pay zone surroundings. 2.3 Chemical recovery: There are two types of chemicals that can be sent to the field to enhance the oil production, they are polymers and surfactants. The long chain molecules called polymers which thickens the water used to sweep oil through the reservoir into producing wells. Surfactants are detergent like chemicals that helps to obstruct droplets of oil from moving in the reservoir by lowering the interfacial tension. Implementation of this technique is generally obstructed by the cost factor in chemicals. In this process, the chemicals are sent into the different wells through injection system which helps in extracting the oil from the wells which are nearby. 2.4 Microbial enhanced oil recovery: This method is not used very often because of the high prices and the developments in this technique are very recent. This method refers to the use of micro organisms to recover extra oil from live oil fields, improving the oil production in the reserve. In this method micro organisms are introduced into the reserve to produce harmless by-products, such as gases or slippery natural substances which help to push oil out of the well. The use of micro organisms and their metabolic products to improve the oil production involves the injection of the selected microorganisms into the oil field and the subsequent stimulation and transportation of their in-situ growth products in order that their presence will help in further reduction of residual oil left in the oil field after secondary recovery is exhausted. 3. GLOBAL TRENDS Most of the oil companies aimed to decrease the exploration costs of the existing oil fields and increase their production and recoverable reserves. Many integration methods and co-operations have been established among the companies especially in the Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) area, aiming not only to increase their reserves, but also to extend the useful reservoir lifetime. In a study USA case is analyzed from 1986 to the beginning of 1998, since this is the country that has applied most of these techniques. Recently formed strategic associations in this period are also analyzed. A bibliometric analysis has been performed which shows RD tendencies of EOR method in universities, oil companies and institutions. The study shows that the EOR methods applied worldwide enhanced the production of oil and gas reserves, supported on technologies such as multilateral and horizontal wells, 3D-4D seismic techniques, simulators, nuclear magnetic resonance, materials (polymers, foams, nutrients etc) and equipment (coiled tubing) etc have been proved to be very effective. Current trends in United States enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects are analyzed for the period from 1980-1987. The analysis is based on the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) EOR project data base which contains information on more than 1200 projects. The National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER) keeps this data base up to date and analyze trends in the data under the provisions of a cooperative agreement with the DOE. The noticeable trend is the steady decline in the number of projects starting per year since 1981, which corresponds the steady decline in the oil prices during that period. On the other hand, polymer and immiscible carbon dioxide projects which peaked in number of starts in 1983. The trend seems to be clearly moving towards the lower risk projects within the screening criteria. True field experimentation with assumptions of higher risks has been decreasing. This trend has seen a change in 1986 as the planned projects appeared to have reversed the decline in project starts, however during this time sharp drop in oil prices led companies to abandon some projects and postpone others. Only the large capital investments already made has seen new starts. Despite the temporary setback, long-term EOR prospects remain good, largely because EOR remains one of the cheapest sources of new oil reserves and could play a key role in maintaining steady oil production for the future. The global market for EOR, estimated at nearly $62.5 billion (for barrels of crude oil) for 2009, has shown exciting growth since 2005 totaling $3.1 billion. Hazy regulations, technological challenges and costly implementation, kept oil companies from using EOR. However, EOR is becoming more attractive and feasible due to the government interest and investment, new technologies and availability of resources (such as CO2). It is expected that the EOR takes a good place in the world market. A number of factors fueled governments interest in EOR, the first one being the increase in oil production besides increase in the oil revenue. Countries that are able to increase their oil production are often lowering their increase in demand for oil import. It is estimated that 13 billion tons of carbon dioxide worldwide could be captured through the use of CO2-EOR, which helps to reduce industrial emissions and in turn reduce green house gases. In Texas, where EOR now accounts for 20% of its oil production, it is estimated the benefits of EOR production will result in additional revenue of $200 billion and will create 1.5 million jobs. 4. ADVANTAGES This is the only technology that combines the benefits of two traditional enhanced oil recovery methods to retrieve more oil which would have been waste remaining in the ground of no use. This method increased revenue and profits for the oil drillers who are able to extract 10percent more of the previously unrecoverable oil from an oil field. The U.S Department of energy estimates that there are approximately 240 billion barrels of oil that can be recovered with next generation enhanced oil recovery methods. Oil drillers are not the only group who would benefit from more effective oil recovery methods. It is expected that the governments and local treasuries would make $280 billion in profit in the form of taxes and royalties from the produced oil. In the process of gas injection most of the carbon dioxide is injected into ground which is produced by human activities such as oil refining or fertilizer manufacturing not only enhances the oil production, but also helps in the reduction of the green house gases which affects the atmosphere. 5. CONCLUSION Although the advantages of the Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process has not been recognized until the recent years, the process has seen a rapid growth in the recent years which helped many companies, governments in enhancing their oil production. This process not only helps in producing more oil but also stood as an environmental friendly system which helps in eradicating the green house gases. These statements strongly support the Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) to be the future technique to recover more oil with low operating costs and environment friendly method.

Distinguishing the Arts and Crafts in Books

Distinguishing the Arts and Crafts in Books OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC This dissertation examines the craft of the book and its distinction between Art and Craft. Is it considered an art form†¦ a fine art if you will, or simply a traditional craft? The intended, original purpose of the book, was to be used as a means of recording information, but soon developed to become a piece of literature used for education or to contain novels of drama, fantasy, crime and other assorted genres, eventually developing further into aesthetically pleasing objects of art. In this digital era our daily lives have become disengaged from touch and so the craft of the book is taken for granted, with no thought taken into how books are made, whether it is by means of machine or by hand. REASONS FOR INVESTIGATION The tactile nature and this production method of books†¦ the traditional handmade method to be more precise is what drew me to this subject. I myself am an obsessive bookbinder, producing handcrafted books on a daily basis; there is a concrete sense of satisfaction felt in transforming sheets of paper or other media into a book. I am fascinated with this traditional craft and the aesthetic qualities the book possess, with the use of fine quality materials used and the traditional techniques and methods. However, more recently, there are now other uses for the traditionally bound book, one being the function as an artists medium, an art object known today as Artists Books. Having just recently discovered this art form, I feel more investigation is needed to distinguish what sets it apart from the traditionally crafted book. Is this genre of book art considered an art or craft? KEY AIMS AND OBJECTIVES There will be a number of key aims and objectives to this exploration of the craft of the book. However the primary objective of this study will be to determine the art and craft aspects of this handmade production of books, determining their distinctions. William Morris, a well-known figure in the Arts Crafts movement, will be a vital key thinker in studying the traditional craft aspect of the book. Morris, going back to the traditional methods of the 15th century, produces books â€Å"†¦with the hope of producing some which would have a definite claim to beauty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [1] At the other end of the scale, Johanna Drucker, a scholarly writer in the book arts, will be a vital key thinker in exploring the art aspect of the book, more specifically the subject of Artists Books. Her book, The Century of Artists Books explores the Artists Book and its development in form and concept. She comments that Artists Books â€Å"†¦did not exist in their current form before the 20th century†.[2] That being the case, there is a possible transformation of the book from a traditional craft, to an expressive art form, which will be explored in the coming chapters, along with further exploration to discover the of moment of liberation for the book designer and the Artists Book. STRUCTURE The first chapter examines the historical significance of the book and its perceived appearance as a work of art. It will begin by reviewing the history of the book as a container of information, as a means of recording the past, touching on the various methods, techniques and technologies that were paramount in the craft of book production. Key thinkers involved will be Lucien Febvre and Henri-Jean Martin, in particular their highly credited book, The Coming of the Book. Along with other key thinkers in this field of study, they will assist in examining the development of the book and print culture, exploring the historical importance and emergence of the codex book that we are familiar with today. The first chapter will also consider the work of William Morris, a leader in the Arts Crafts Movement, and his interest in the craft of the book and the traditional methods of book production he used. Morriss greatest achievement, the influential Kelmscott Press, will set the scene to explore the growth of the private press of the twentieth century. Does the private press of today meet the standards of early traditional book production? Can the handmade qualities of the private press be compared to the machine made? As David Pye comments on his theories in workmanship, the effects of the finish and the aspects of the handmade, â€Å"Some materials promise far more than others but only the workman can bring out what they promise†.[3] The second chapter however, will be concerned with the book in relation to art, or to be more specific†¦ the Artists Book. Here the referencing of Johanna Drucker, a key thinker and scholarly writer on the subject, will be useful as it will introduce the early forms of the Artists Book, focusing more on the development of the book as an object of art. As well as a select few artists that were paramount in the development of the Artists Book, the work of William Blake, Ed Ruscha and Dieter Roth will be explored along with the relationship between text and image, artist and author. The third and final chapter offers a study of Fine Bindings being produced today, focusing on the work of Shepherds Bookbinders of London as great examples of contemporary bindings. The books in particular are a set of hand crafted, limited edition Ian Fleming novels†¦ the James Bond series to be more precise. They are of high quality craftsmanship, although with aesthetic qualities that would consider them to be works of art. Compared to their paperback counterparts, the study of these books will aid in understanding whether the handcrafted books of today are considered art or craft. The study will review numerous definitions of art and craft, which I shall discuss in the conclusion. Will a definitive distinction between art and craft be achieved? Will the craft of the book fit into either one of these categories, or even its own category yet to be named? The answers to these questions and more will be discovered in the coming chapters of this investigation. Sources [1] Ruari McLean, Modern Book Design: from William Morris to the present day, Faber Faber, London, 1958, p.11 [2] Johanna Drucker, The Century of Artists Books, Granary Books, New York, 2004, p.1 [3] David Pye, The Nature Art of Workmanship, University Press, Cambridge, 1968, p.2

The Scarlet Letter Essays -- Literary Analysis, Hawthorne

In his novel The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne traces the life of a young woman named Hester Prynne after she receives the shameful punishment of wearing a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her chest. Throughout the novel, the forest outside the Puritan town serves a place for the characters to reveal their true selves away from the stringent Puritan lifestyle. The forest represents contradictory themes, creating a sanctuary for love and freedom, but also cultivating darkness and evil. Not only does the seclusion of the forest from society provide freedom to those who choose to perform evil deeds, but also protection to those searching for clarity and happiness. Hester finds comfort under the forest’s dense, imperfect canopy for it mirrors â€Å"the moral wilderness in which she had so long been wandering† (173). Pearl also connects with nature, and similar to the brook in which she often plays, Pearl â€Å"danced and sparkled and prattled airily along her own course† (176). Pearl and Hester share an intimate conversation about the scarlet letter in the forest and Hester reveals that she â€Å"is doomed...

TH :: essays research papers

Needs completing The Tommy Hilfiger Corporation, through its subsidiaries, designs, sources and markets men's and women's, and children’s clothing under the Tommy Hilfiger trademarks. The Tommy Hilfiger Corporations major product is clothing which is broken into two major product categories men’s and women’s clothing. Tommy Hilfiger has an aggressive market development strategy with diversifying and pursuing markets that are already carried by the company. The company has taken their success in the U.S and found comparable markets overseas with a great deal of success. The company is strongest in the US because of sheer volumes. They are the fastest growing in Europe. They are also the No 1 designer brand in Central America, South America and Canada. The company holds steady in the top ten in Japan with lots of competition. The business is also strong in South-East Asian markets like Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, and Singapore. Tommy Hilfiger is currently setting up all over China and considers India its new horizon. The company’s market development is strong and growing with each quarterly report. They offer new products to existing target markets worldwide and are also exploring the involvement in products without the Tommy Hilfiger namesake. Through a range of strategic licensing agreements, the Company offers a broad array of related apparel, accessories, footwear, fragrance and home furnishings. The Company's products can be found in leading department and specialty stores throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, Mexico, Central and South America, Japan, Hong Kong and other countries in the Far East, as well as the Company's own network of specialty and outlet stores in the United States, Canada and Europe. www.tommyhilfiger.com   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tommy Hilfiger has a competitive advantage compared to its competitors. There product mix is what gives them the advantage on competitors like Sean John, Phat Pharm, Ecko and Enyce. With other competitors like Nautica and Polo, they compete on similar grounds, but lead them with the shear diversity of their product mix. Both Polo and Ralph Lauren are legendary brands, but Tommy Hilfiger has done and outstanding job with micromarketing and appealing to the core of fashion buyers. Tommy Hilfiger leaves his urban competition behind with his strong International markets and the ability to open new markets where fashion has not been a top sale. Within the volatile industry of fashion, Tommy Hilfiger is seen as a much more stable brand. Their product appeals to a larger segment of the U.

The Life of Walter Mitty (Alternate Ending)

The life of Walter Mitty By Gregory Jones 9/17/12 Walter Mitty the Undefeated, inscrutable to the last. â€Å"Walter! † his wife yelled â€Å"what are you doing can’t you see I’m ready to leave! † Ok Mitty replied they got into the car and Mitty turned on the radio. The Football game had just ended, and the announcer was describing the atmosphere in the game it was the 4th quarter with only 30 seconds left on the clock. â€Å"Ok Mitty you’re going to throw to the drag route understand? â€Å"Yeah coach I know what to do I’ve done this before† Mitty ran onto the field into the huddle. â€Å"Ok guys we got 30 seconds left were going for it now, everyone just run down for a Hail Mary. The players stared at him in confusion they all knew the coach wouldn’t have called the play but they had faith in their quarterback to win the games. Mitty slowly walked up to the center and got set, looking at the linebackers and safety. Hike† Mitty dropped back, but the defensive tackle broke through the line and chased him out of the pocket. Mitty rolled out of the pocket knowing there wouldn’t be any open receivers. He pumped fake to make the linebackers drop deeper in coverage before he started running. He juked the first linebacker and hurdled the second. The crowd began to scream and yell as they realized Mitty had got the first down with 20 seconds remaining on the clock. But Mitty didn’t run out of bounds he was going for the win now.The corners and safety know having knowledge that Mitty was running immediately joined the chase. He stiff armed one corner to the ground still in full stride. The crowd was going completely berserk. Mitty had one last man until he scored the winning touchdown. Mitty was on the 5 the safety on the 1 Mitty leaped off the ground reaching the ball out. â€Å"Walter you passed our house! † â€Å" I was going to score† Mitty whispered â€Å"what?!?!? You mus t remember to take your medicine you always daze off when you don’t. †

Institutional racism: it is real Essay

Power, wealth, and prestige. These are elements that humanity has been striving for since the age of man. Inherent in these objectives is struggle. Who shall be dominant? To whom shall the prevailing structure of society be based? In modern society the power, wealth and prestige has been the blanket that wraps Western European culture. Out of the hubris has emerged a backlash of outrage that many from different racial groups have expressed over the disproportionate number of power positions (CEOs, VPs, owners of football clubs, to owner’s of the local pub) that are Western European. This has become a standard or defined norm of rightness and often righteousness wherein all others are judged in relation to it. This norm is reinforced through institutional and economic power. It is the combination of these elements that makes complete power and control possible. Introduction Power, wealth, and prestige. These are elements that humanity has been striving for since the age of man. Inherent in these objectives is struggle. Who shall be dominant? To whom shall the prevailing structure of society be based? In modern society the power, wealth and prestige has been the blanket that wraps Western European culture. Out of the hubris has emerged a backlash of outrage that many from different racial groups have expressed over the disproportionate number of power positions (CEOs, VPs, owners of football clubs, to owner’s of the local pub) that are Western European. This has become a standard or defined norm of rightness and often righteousness wherein all others are judged in relation to it. This norm is reinforced through institutional and economic power. It is the combination of these elements that makes complete power and control possible. It is important to remember that an established norm does not necessarily represent a majority in terms of number; it represents those who have ability to exert power and control over others (Axelson, 1998). What is Institutional Racism? This type of power dominance is called institutional racism (IR). IR has its roots in racism which has many definitions: Racism: Attitudes, practices, and other factors that disadvantage people because of their race, color or ethnicity. Racism can be directed against any race, color or ethnicity. Some examples of racism are obvious, such as graffiti, intimidation or physical violence. Racial and ethnic slurs and â€Å"jokes† are other examples. Unfortunately, they are often ignored because people do not know how to deal with them. Other forms of racism are not obvious, such as discrimination in hiring and apartment rentals, or policies that disadvantage members of certain races, whether intentionally or not. Racism exists at three main levels: individual, institutional and cultural. (http://www. rose-hulman.edu/safezone/glossary. html) or Racism: The intentional or unintentional use of power to reinforce prejudice to isolate, separate, exploit and disadvantage other racial groups based on a belief in superior racial origin, identity or supposed racial characteristics. Racism is more than just a personal attitude; it is the systemic or institutional form of that attitude. Prejudice + Power = Racism. (http://www. lsuagcenter. com/en/administration/about_us/Human_Resources/Diversity_Center/dictionary/index. htm#R) or Racism: 1. An act of discrimination based on an ideology of racial superiority. 2. The institutionalization of collective prejudice resulting in a system of advantage based on one race having power over others. This subordination is supported by the actions of individuals, cultural norms and values, and the institutional structures and practices of society. (http://principles. ucdavis. edu/glossary. html#R) Institutional racism has just as many definitions: Institutional Racism – The conscious and/or unconscious belief in the superiority of the dominant racial group that manifests itself in the inclusion of other dominant racial group members and the exclusion of other racial group members. (http://www. lsuagcenter. com/en/administration/about_us/Human_Resources/Diversity_Center/dictionary/index. htm#I) or Institutional racism: The network of institutional structures policies, and practices that create advantages and benefits for Whites, and discrimination, oppression, and disadvantage for people from targeted racial groups. The advantages created for Whites are often invisible to them, or are considered â€Å"rights† available to everyone as opposed to â€Å"privileges† awarded to only some individuals and groups. (http://www. purchase. edu/Diversity/dictionary.aspx) or Institutional Racism: (Systemic Racism) Racism conveyed in practices, customs, rules and standards of organizations, including governments, that unnecessarily disadvantage people because of their race, color or ethnicity. They do not always involve differences in treatment. Educational requirements that are not related to actual job duties are an example. (http://www. rose-hulman. edu/safezone/glossary. html) Relevance of Institutional Racism The above definitions that define racism and institutional racism are varied in the context of their language. However, their ideas are inclusive, similar and are all correct depending on who uses that definition. A much more comprehensive definition of institutional racism would be: The intentional or unintentional use of power to reinforce prejudice to isolate, separate, exploit and disadvantage other racial groups based on a belief in superior racial origin, identity or supposed racial characteristics. conveyed in practices, customs, rules and standards of organizations, including governments, that unnecessarily disadvantages people because of their race, colour or ethnicity. They do not always involve differences in treatment. This subordination is supported by the actions of individuals, cultural norms and values, and the institutional structures and practices of society. Other forms of racism are not obvious, such as discrimination in hiring and apartment rentals, or policies that disadvantage members of certain races, whether intentionally or not. [name of student] The question that needs to be asked is, â€Å"Just how relevant in today’s modern society is institutionalized racism? † Look around and see who has key positions in the world’s various multinational companies. Take a look at sports teams and see who has ownership. Observe who is on the cover of the majority of magazines and look at who we follow as our cultural icons. Without the use of numerical and empirical studies and only utilizing the gift of sight it can be pronounced that the majority who has these positions are Western European. IR occurs when the structure of an organization, political system, or business allows racist attitudes to be integrated in its system. Such trends may occur within an institution without their intentional injection or inclusion within that institution. Examples of IR: people of colour under-represented and misrepresented on television, racially biased standardized tests used to determine who will be admitted to higher education programmes and institutions, reliance on low-paying immigrant labour by farms and factories. A branch of IR called â€Å"the glass ceiling† is one of the most pervasive forms of institutional racism (Massingale). The glass ceiling refers to the general tendency for the existence of an upper limit in the high ranks of corporations, above which it is rare for a minority to appear. The Federal Glass Ceiling Commission, an American produced report states that only 29 percent of the nation’s work force is made up of white males, while those individuals hold 95 percent of corporate senior management positions (Massingale). One extremely controversial example of institutional racism is racial profiling. This involves creating a portfolio and list of criteria that is used by law enforcement to identify perpetrators.

Transformation of dracula

Transformation of Drachma Drachma Is a timeless novel written by Abram Stoker and to this day remains a thrilling read about good vs. evil In the form of Van Helping and his companions pitted against the supernatural forces of Count Drachma, the vampire from Transylvania. Not only was this novel about good vs.. Evil but upon inspection found to have many themes and views relevant to the time it was written. This caused it to be a huge success of its time and in 1922 the German director Murmur seeing the success of the story put it under transformation and named it Nonstarter.This silent film was very similar to Drachma except It was more relevant to the times It was written In. Public opinion about certain aspects of society had changed and even though both forms of media were set in the same timeshare some themes had been eliminated or turned on their heads. Now both these media were made in different styles with Drachma made in the gothic style. This is apparent with the Supernatur al aspect of Drachma and his Vampire kin. Stoker's descriptions of Drachma are always set as comparisons to animals so even when In human form Drachma Is not quite human but rather meeting far more unnatural.In Nonstarter the style Is the one of the time being German expressionism with themes prevalent throughout the film, the most obvious being the use of shadows to signify darkness and evil as well as the unknown. This is best captured with the powerful Image of count Errol walking up the stairs to attack Nina with his eerie shadow adding to the sense of darkness and mystery. Drachma had many themes but like Nonstarter was an expression of the times In which they were conceived In, so many themes in Drachma did not make the transition. GenderHierarchy was viewed as an Important cog of Victorian culture and that held true throughout the book with the submissive, helpless females needing the help of the apparent stronger sex, males. The only exception to this is Mina but even then s he is only able to by having â€Å"a man's brain†. Christian salvation and imagery was not part of the transformation process into nonstarter as being an important theme in Drachma is non-existent In Nonstarter. A great scene to help show this Is the killing of Lucy where after being killed for a second time Lucy Is restored to â€Å"unequalled sweetness ND purity'. SE of holy symbols only reinforces this theme with the crucifix and holy wafers making appearances. The theme of superstition vs.. Science is also at the forefront with the logical, rational dry Seward unable to explain the biting with all of his reasoning and it is only through superstition from a man of higher faith who is unable to uncover the mystery. Also when it comes to the hunting and killing of Drachma science is not enough to defeat the beast and faith Is needed to kill the monster. The big thing of the unknown ,strange east Invading progressive closedEngland was also not only an issue in the book but a n issue at the time with high immigration rates making some conservative Englishmen very nervous. Nonstarter due to the time it was made after the 1st world war therefore had more themes applying to post war Germany and some themes from Drachma where completely rubbed out with the gender hierarchy almost reversed as the men look like bumbling and his blatant disregard of clues from a book of vampires accompanied by Errol being deterred by the rosary the only mention of these two themes. Religion vs.. Science wasn't as big of as issue as at the time of nonstarter.This was different for Drachma as Charles Darning's origin of species had Just been published; challenging the faith of many Christians perhaps leading conservative Abram Stoker to show that religion is still important. In the sass's this wasn't as big of an issue and therefore was not a theme in the film. WWW was the bloodiest war in human history at that point and the Spanish influenza had Just ripped its way through Europ e. This is reflected in the way Count Errol brings death to Thomas Hatter's city with the scene f the coffins being taken down the street.You will notice that Count Oarlocks teeth are different to Drachma's. Errol has the teeth of a rat rather than the stereotypical enlarged canines. Also his arrival is matched by some rats who are also bringers of plague. So count Errol could be a symbol for the rat as he brings what is reported in the film as plague. All in all I believe Transformation to be a useful tool as it can expose people who enjoyed the original to something different and in Drachmas case show a great contrast between different times and different people.