Labor Union History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Labor Union History - Essay Example Labor unions became prominent in the aftermath of the Civil War. The National Labor Union was the first US union. Another famous labor union was the American Federation of Labor which was established in the late nineteenth century. It acted as a federation for skilled workers unions. In 1905 the Industrial Workers of the World was formed to represent unskilled workers. There are two umbrella organizations for unions. One of them is AFL-CIO and the Change to Win Federation. They have advocated policies that are beneficial for workers. They also have played an important role in increasing the working conditions of workers. This paper traces the history of American labor unions from World War II till the present era (Vittoz, 45). The Congress of Industrial Organizations was established by an autocratic person John Lewis. The CIO organized millions of workers in the 1930s. Lewis was a charismatic speaker and strategist whose speeches forced the closure of the coal industry to ensure that his demands were met. Lewis supported President Roosevelt at the onset of the New Deal. Roosevelt had tremendous appeal with workers. Lewis sent organizers to mobilize thousands of workers to support President Roosevelt. He was one of the main financial supporters of Roosevelt. It is estimated that he contributed over five hundred thousand dollars to Roosevelt's election campaign (Zieger, 65). Lewis organized trade unions in the... By organizing steelworkers, Lewis clashed with the AFL. The AFL represented workers from all industries rather than a particular trade (Zieger, 85). Lewis pushed for a change in the policy of the AFL with regards to industrial organizing. He did this by calling upon leaders of other unions within the AFL. William Green who was the president of AFL opposed Lewis and considered him as an enemy. The CIO was now known as the Congress of Industrial Organizations. Lewis firmly established the organization as a rival federation opposed to the AFL. Lewis's organization provided the financial muscle to the CIO as they organized drives to recruit workers and form trade unions. Phillip Murray was the protg of Lewis. He was made the head of the Steel Workers Organizing Committee. The UAW conducted the Flint and Chrysler sit-down strikes in the 1930s in which Lewis successfully used negotiations to approve worker demands. The CIO had a total strength of 2,850,000 workers in 1942. The economic depression of the 1930s caused a decline in the labor union membership. The union movement was also marked by failures to obtain concessions from the mass production industries and to organize the workers. However during the 1930s, the US congress passed legislation during the New Deal. Collective bargaining was allowed by the passing of the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933. Businesses were also required to maintain good relations with trade unions under the 1935 Wagner Act. Prices and wages were stabilized by the National Recovery Administration. A number of regulations were imposed that set price and production standards for all kinds of goods. However this had an adverse impact on the labor unions since employers had to hire people at an expensive

Alcohol Abuse And Alcohol Dependence Essay Example for Free

Alcohol Abuse And Alcohol Dependence Essay According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders, Alcohol Abuse is defined as the harmful use of alcohol. Harmful use of Alcohol also implies the abusive use of alcohol and its physical and mental effects. Alcohol abusers according to the study are more prone to drink- seeking behaviors and alcohol tolerance. They can consume large amounts of alcohol to Alcohol abusers also have the psychological capacity to think of alcohol as a way to cure hangovers and exhibit the compulsion or the urge to drink or the compulsive need to consume alcohol. Those who exhibit alcohol abuse also show signs of alcohol abuse. Alcohol dependence is defined as a chronic disease that is influenced by the social and environmental factors. According to experts, Alcohol dependence is used by a person to avoid social and emotional problems in life. There are four signs of alcohol dependence: Constant craving for alcohol Withdrawal symptoms associated with the sudden stop of alcohol consumption Inability to stop alcohol consumption Alcohol tolerance Alcohol dependence brings about certain signs that show that a person is alcohol dependent: The urge to drink every morning Drinking alone and to feel comfortable around people Drinking to the point of experiencing blackout or results to intoxification Drinking to relieve tension or settle emotional or mental problems References Alcohol Dependence. (n.d.). Retrieved from The Health Authority: http://www.healthauthority.com/AlcoholDependence.htm

Copyright infringement Essay -- Plaigarism Technology Papers

Copyright infringement In general terms, copyright provides an author with a tool to protect a work from being taken, used, and exploited by others without permission (Roseoner 1). This is further defined in federal statute 17 U.S.C. Section 106. The owner of the copyrighted work has the exclusive right to authorize any of the following: - to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies - to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work - to distribute copies of the copyrighted work to the public - to display the copyrighted work in a public setting There have been many underlying forces that have shaped the copyright law in our legal system today. Tensions have always existed between the rights of the public versus the rights of the artist. The term of copyright imposes limitations on the public and weighs in favor of the artist. Of course, the irony of this, is the fact that the public’s appreciation of a particular work of art extends well beyond the life of the original artist. The system of copyright law have, and will, continue to change. New means to create, store, and deliver art, place access to and use of all imagery, perhaps on the model of a compulsory license which means that the copyright owner has no right to prevent the use of copyrighted work. Copyright owners may not have the right to control usage, but they do receive a fee fixed either by voluntary arrangements or government assistance. We know that the history of copyright began with, and manifested by, the printed word. But, images are just as susceptible to plagiaristic acts. In the early 1700’s, artist, William Hogarth and others, petitioned the English parliament to extend copyright protection to pictures and prints. Hogarth was ... ...ng at any image that is truly ‘original’. Ultimately, those viewing the image only on-screen will be missing a presence that cannot be reproduced or adequately expressed in words. It is the same kind of unquantifiable experience that is rapidly disappearing from so many facets of modern life. Works Cited Crawford, Tad. Legal Guide for the Visual Artist. New York: Allworth Press, 1999. Garmil-Jones, Katherine. The Wired Museum. Washington DC: American Association of Museums, 1997. Hind, Arthur M., A History of engraving and etching from the 15th Century to the year 1914. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1963. Rosenoer, Jonathan. Cyberlaw: The Law of the Internet. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1997. http:\www.computerworld.com/home/news.nsf/CWFlash/9810143copy http:\www.nolo.com/ChunkPCT/PCT23.HTML http://mail.bris.ac.uk/~lijeh/ftcopy.htm

Radio Television Malaysia

The history of radio in Malaysia started in the year 1921. A. L. Birch, an electrical engineer from the Johor Government brought the original radio set into the country. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) Johor Wireless Association was set up and broadcasting through 300 meter waves began. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) This was then followed by the establishment of the same association in Penang and the Malayan Wireless Association in Kuala Lumpur. Studio of Broadcasting Corporation of Malaya was opened on 11th March 1937 by Sir Shenton Thomas. Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) In the year 1930, Sir Earl from the Singapore Port Authority commenced its short wave broadcast every fortnight either on Sundays or Wednesdays. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) Straits Settlement took over The British Broadcasting Corporation of Malaysia. Radio channels in Malacca, Penang, Kuala Lumpur and Seremban and Singapore was taken over by the Japanese to broadcast misinformation. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) Department of Broadcasting was set up in Singapore on the 1st of April year 1946. In the early 50's, broadcasting activities in Malaya were operated from its temporary studio in Jalan Young in Kuala Lumpur and later in 1956, were moved to the Federal House, Kuala Lumpur. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) Broadcasting in Malaysia started to grow throughout the country, including Sabah and Sarawak. On 28th December 1963, Television services were brought into the business. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) The growth of the first channel, Rangkaian Satu encouraged the second channel to be recognized on 17th November 1969. Followed by the incident where Radio and Television were combined under the Ministry of Information. Quick development was seen in broadcasting for both television and radio. Broadcast time was extended so that everyone can have the luxury of listening to it, even for the night shift workers. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) Different languages were broadcasted as well. Growth of television became very rapid. On 1st March 1994, TV Malaysia started its early telecast as early as 6 in the morning. TV1, the Prime Channel brought in â€Å"Selamat Pagi Malaysia† (Good Morning Malaysia). TV2, The Golden Channel, later trailed by launching â€Å"Moving On Two† in December 1996. Radio Television Malaysia, 2010) Viewers started increasing year by year by then. RTM has existing telecommunication via TV1, TV2, and the 34 radio channels of various languages at the National, state, local and international level. (Radio Television Malaysia, 2010)The audience share for TV1 is 15. 9%. Whereas audience share for TV2 is 19. 2%. TV2 has more audience share. RTM1 broadcasts its news at 8 pm. News style is very localized and limited with just a few international news only. All news presented was current news. No old news was reported unless it is following up news. Example of current and local news reported is local news on fake eggs and fake medicine. Other than that, missing girl case in Kelantan was also one of the current news reported. Nevertheless, the example of international news reported was news on Japan after the Tsunami and news on recent floods that hit Australia. There was no sense of entertainment in RTM1 news. However for TV2 news which is broadcast at 8. 30pm, news reported is less localized. News reported are less localized with the balance of both local and international news making it more interesting for viewers and audience to know what is happening around the world. All news presented was current and similar to RTM1. Example of local news presented by TV2 is recent BAKTI news and baby dumping cases. Example of International news reported by TV2 is China’s agriculture state and about Tsunami victims in Japan. For entertainment base however, there was no actual entertainment sector in both RTM1 and TV2. Nevertheless, RTM1 did have a small sector on promoting Sarawak’s tourism and the beauty of the country. Included its history, background of Sarawak, wayang kulit and popular buildings. Basically, just promoting the country and encourage us to travel locally. Other than that, TV2 have a small segment called â€Å"Today in History† talking about history of our country hoping to educate us and remind us not to repeat history. RTM 1 had sign language translator which showed the channel’s concern to be able to cater all types of viewers. Other than that, RTM1 had relevant notes at the bottom of the screen for additional information as well. Audience can catch up on the notes if they happen to miss the reporters reporting on the news. Brief information and part on Malaysian stock markets was showed as well. TV2 news had clear and relevant points that simplified viewers understanding of the news shown. TV2 too had notes at the bottom of the screen as well making it audience friendly. News anchor looked more relaxed when presenting the news compared to news anchor in RTM1. Unfortunately, TV2 does not have sign language translator. In a nutshell, both channels had clear and relevant videos to give a mental picture to viewers, clear introduction in presenting news, and lastly, relevant interviews and quotes to strengthen the points made with the news presented. For style of writing, RTM1 used familiar words in reporting. Unfortunately, the â€Å"how† element was not described thoroughly in the news reporting of RTM1. The â€Å"how† element was missing. TV2 news uses formal English to present news in formal way. Nevertheless, the who, what, why, why, how element was all clearly mentioned in the broadcast piece which can definitely deliver the message to the news viewers. News in RTM1 is not as concrete as only brief information, a â€Å"run through† was given to the audience about the news. For example, only brief information was given about the announcement of the 1Malaysia email project. TV2 broadcast news is more concise and factual. The flow of broadcast news piece came out as more effective in TV2 news compared to RTM1 as the news in TV2 goes in order. News in RTM1 was formal and straight to the point. Some news presented was less important and they had videos shown with the news to create a scene. For TV2, was formal but less tense environment. Fortunately, more selection of news for viewers as it had a balance of both international and local news. Both channels had certain trades, time of news showed competitiveness as RTM1 news is at 8pm whereas RTM2 news broadcast at 8. 30pm. Audience would have to make a choice in choosing which news to watch.

Psycho Dynamic Theories

Psychodynamic Theory: â€Å"Fathers Influence on Children’s Development† Jeff Santiago California State University, Fresno Human Behavior in the Social Environment: A Multi-Systems Approach Social Work 212 Dr. Kris Clarke October 15, 2012 Psychodynamic Theory: â€Å"Fathers Influence on Children’s Development† Psychodynamic Theory Understanding the significance of the father’s role and their influences on children’s development has been at the forefront of empirical research over the last ten years.Numerous studies have enriched empirical literature regarding the father’s influence on children’s development. Theorists have reestablished the conceptual framework in outlining the significance to elicit father’s influence on children’s development (Zacker, 1978). In this paper I will examine the Psychodynamic theory and show the relevance, and applicability to Father’s role in child development. (Kriston, Holze l, & Harter, 2009) indicated that long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (LTPP) is more effective than shorter forms of psychotherapy.Therefore, conceptualizing the framework of the psychodynamic theory and the impact it has on the father’s role on child development is critical in understanding its relevance. The review of theory is followed by discussion and the direct correlation to father’s role on child development. Historically, there has been limited empirical research on psychodynamic theory. Psychodynamic outcome research is underrepresented in the empirical literature and much of psychodynamic research is process-oriented rather than outcome-oriented (Brandell, 2005).The psychodynamic theory can be challenging to conceptualize, due to its dual implications. (Brandell, 2005) states that psychodynamic models are complex to evaluate, in part because they are concerned with meaning as well as behavior change, and consequently psychodynamic practice has become less well understood and less often practiced. However, understanding psychodynamic theory and how the inner energies are what motivate, dominate, and control people’s behavior, re based in past experience and present reality. According to (Berzoff, Flanagan, & Hertz, 2002) clinical knowledge grounded in psychodynamic theory is one of the most powerful ways we have in looking inside someone’s heart and mind, and without it, we are almost blind, limited to the surface. Understanding the internal psychological factors, and how they are interwoven with external factors such as culture, gender, race, class, and biology help us understand the intricate complexities of an individual.From this perspective, we study how the outside develops a person psychologically, and in turn, how the inner world shapes a person’s outer reality. Internal life is intellectualized within biological and social contexts. What is inside and outside an individual comes to be metabolized as psych ological strengths and disturbances (Berzoff et al. , 2002). Through the lenses of psychodynamic theory, it accounts for the forces of love or hate, sexuality, and aggression, which express themselves differently in each individual, and ultimately shape how each individual functions and develops.According to (Berzoff et al. , 2002) Freud viewed humans as inhuman in their nature, fueled by forces, fantasies, longings, and passions beyond their control. Many psychological issues develop when forces in the mind oppose drives. Mental activity derives from the id, the ego, and superego, each having unique functions. Although despite having these unique functions, they frequently conflict with one another (Berzoff et al. , 2002). So, psychodynamic theory involves interactions between different parts of the mind, between childhood, and adult events.Moreover, psychodynamic theory examines deep underlying issues involving the unconscious elements in interactions between individuals, where em otion is a primary focus. According to (Jarvis, 2004) psychodynamic theory emphasizes particular childhood events, ranging from sexual abuse to successful formation of an infant-primary care attachment. The significance of early relationships of our social-emotional development is profoundly affected by the quality of relationships we experience.Psychodynamic and Father’s Role on Child Development The psychodynamic theory reinforces the direct correlation to the father’s role on child development. In Freudian theory, the father is seen with particular importance related to child development (Jarvis, 2004). The psychodynamic approach assumes we are influenced in some way by mental processes by which we are not normally aware. Furthermore, there exists continuity between childhood and adult experience. According to (Jarvis, 2004, p. ) many characteristics of the adult personality, both normal and abnormal, can be traced to childhood experience. Consequently, the historic al framework of the psychodynamic theory clearly identifies the importance of early relationships, especially father’s role on child development. There is an importance of early relationships, and the psychological significance of subjective experience and unconscious mental processes (Jarvis, 2004). The psychodynamic theory reiterates that children benefit from male contributions to children’s early experiences.The relevance from the psychodynamic theory, significantly impacts the direct correlation of father’s role in child development. Father’s have significant influences on adjustment, and become increasingly important as offspring move into adulthood. (Jarvis, 2004) states several contributors illustrate historical, cultural, and family ideologies inform the roles fathers play, and undoubtedly shape the absolute amounts of time fathers spend with their children, the activities they share with them, and perhaps even the quality of relationships betwee n fathers and children.The framework of the psychodynamic theory reinforces that fathers frequently play a number of roles that include: companions, care providers, spouses, protectors, models, moral guides, teachers, and breadwinners. According to (Brandell, 2005) children with highly involved fathers were characterized by increased cognitive competence, increased empathy, fewer sex-stereotyped beliefs, and a more internal locus of control. One can speculate the benefits obtained by children with highly involved fathers.Furthermore, the empirical literature review reinforces the impact of father’s role upon child development from the psychodynamic theory. Sensitive fathering that includes: responding, talking, supporting, teaching, and encouraging their children to learn, predicts children’s socio-emotional, cognitive, and linguistic achievements (Jarvis, 2004). By outlining how the id, ego, and superego have independent functions, yet in spite of the functions, have repeated conflict with one another impacted by the father’s influence upon child development.As mentioned earlier, the psychodynamic theory reinforces profound significance of early childhood relationships. References Ashford, J. B. , & LeCroy, C. W. (2010). Human Behavior in the Social Environment A Multidimensional Perspective (4th ed. ). Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning: Author. Berzoff, J. , Flanagan, L. M. , & Hertz, P. (2002). Inside Out and Outside In. Retrieved from GOOGLE ebookstore Brandell, J. R. (2005). Psychodynamic Social Work. Columbia University Press: Columbia University. Grainger, S. (2004).Family Background and Female Sexual Behavior. Human Nature, 15(2), 133-145. Jarvis, M. (2004). Psychodynamic Psychology: Classic Theory and Contemporary Research. Retrieved from GOOGLE ebookstore Kriston, L. , Holzel, L. , & Harter, M. (2009, March 4). Analyzing Effectiveness of Long-term Psychodynamic Psyotherapy. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 301(9), 930 -933. http://dx. doi. org/10. 100/jama. 2009. 178 Zacker, J. (1978). Parents as Change Agents: A Psychodynamic Model. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 32:4, 572-582. Retrieved from

Long Tail Marketing Essay

Long Tail Marketing Essay Long Tail Marketing Essay Are you wondering what this long-tail marketing is? Me too!! The bookish definition says: ‘Long Tail Marketing is a technique to increase sales while decreasing the cost per sale by developing and selling to thousands of niche markets. It has implications within search engine marketing, online selling and advertising purchases’ Woo, that’s too technical, but what I understand is that the bottom line is to increase sales. Well, this is what any SBU would aim for. We have read about the strategies of doing this in Prof. Philip Kotler’s Marketing Management text book. I didn’t read or hear anything like long tail there. So when I first heard this term it urged me to start exploring about it and how it is related to marketing. Well here’s what I have understood and found. The term long tail is coined by Chris Anderson, the editor in chief of Wired magazine. He is also a writer and author of his 2006 book, The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More. â€Å"Selling less of more† well that’s interesting! It is said, he brought to light how the technological era and Ecommerce is changing today’s Marketing and Economics strategy. What he meant is that selling small volumes of hard-to-find or unique items to many customers helps organization to realize significant profit compared to selling large volumes of popular items to few customers. The total sale of this large number of â€Å"non-popular items† is called "the long tail". How it works and the way it is different from the traditional sales cycle I would like to explain this further with an example. Suppose you own a record store. In that store your physical area is limited to what you can easily keep in stock and have readily available. As the saying goes, 20% of sale of the select or popular albums will account for 80% of your revenue. Keeping this in mind and also due to the physical limitation of inventory, it would be in your best interest to stock and fill your shelf space with the more popular items which thereby limits your chances of stocking the less popular or niche obscure albums which will have less demand. So now just think what can happen if we can take away the physical barriers and go to electronic distribution! We know that online music stores has virtually limitless inventory. This would allow us to keep even the most uncommon or niche albums in stock all of the time. Here is the interesting part. Due to the amount of large volume and available choices to your audience you will find enough demand for all of your obscure albums which will actually make up to a substantial part of your business. Selling very few copies of an enormous amount of different albums adds up to a significant part of the revenue compared to selling more copies of few albums. ITunes’s worst performing albums still get a few downloads every couple of months. Knowing that the long tail part of the distribution curve can make up a significant part of revenue is what I feel is pushing companies to go online and sell their products. Thus the boom of digital marketing is happening. The firms can carry more products at virtually no extra cost. Companies like Amazon, Apple and Yahoo have already imbibed this strategy and we all know the result. An example from Chris Anderson’s

Trustworthy vs. Trustable

Trustworthy vs. Trustable Trustworthy vs. Trustable Trustworthy vs. Trustable By Maeve Maddox Hearing the word trustable used twice on National Public Radio (NPR) in what seemed to be a serious context, I decided to explore the usage. Although the form trustable can be documented- the OED cites examples dated 1606, 1884, and 1900- it’s a rarity in modern usage. Both, trustable and untrustable make a slight showing on the Ngram Viewer beginning in 1824 and 1852, respectively, but compared to trustworthy and untrustworthy, they never rise from the very bottom of the graph. A Google search brings up about 627,000 results for trustable, compared to about 60,900,000 for trustworthy. A search for untrustable leads inexorably to this statement by Kevin McCarthy: What are her numbers today? Her numbers are dropping. Why? Because shes un-trustable. Like David A. Graham, I was ready to attribute the suddenly popular usage of untrustable to McCarthy: Color me unimpressed. The most surprising thing about this quotation is McCarthy’s coining of the word â€Å"untrustable.†- â€Å"Kevin McCarthy Steps Into a Faux Outrage,† The Atlantic, September 30, 2015. The credit/blame for introducing the form untrustable can be traced further back than McCarthy. The OED has a single citation, from 1863: â€Å"Dennis will look up at you with hisgood-natured, untrustable, Irish grey eye.†- Charles Kingsley. In 1997, the group Built to Spill released an album called Perfect from Now On. One of the songs is called â€Å"Untrustable/Part 2.† The forms trustable and untrustable are not barbaric in the way so many recent coinages are, but they’re not necessary. And to many speakers, they sound like errors for trustworthy and its negative form, untrustworthy. trustworthy adjective: Worthy of trust or confidence; reliable. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative Conflict7 Tips for Writing a Film ReviewIs "Number" Singular or Plural?